Mental Health Issues Female Veterans Health And Social Care Essay

Approximately 10 % of military personnels presently stationed in Afghanistan, Operation Enduring Freedom ( OEF ) and Iraq, Operation Iraqi Freedom ( OIF ) are adult females ( Murdoch et al. 2006 ) . Additionally, adult females account for every bit many as one in five enlisted military personnels in assorted service subdivisions. These adult females protect the United States of America through dedication and courage. Nonetheless, military service is associated with increased odds of holding a assortment of life changing conditions and mental unwellnesss. Therefore, it is indispensable for counsellors to go cognizant of the alone jobs that arise in female veterans. The acknowledgment of wellness related challenges female veterans face is long delinquent. Simply inquiring adult females about their military service may open up treatment that provides of import information associating to the intervention being received. As clinicians, we must hold accurate cognition in order to supply qu ality services for female veterans. In this paper, I will discourse the alone mental and physical wellness issues female veterans encounter and interventions deemed effectual for this population. Keywords: Female veterans, OEF/OIF, adult females veterans, combat Womans have been contending for our state for since the War for Independence, but yet they are invariably overlooked by male veterans. In recent old ages, the continued importance of adult females to the United States military has increased. Women history for about one-seventh ( 14 % ) of the active constituent and about 10 % of all U.S. military soldiers to Afghanistan and Iraq ( Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2009 ) . Surveies have indicated that the figure of returning Operation Enduring Freedom ( OEF ) and Operation Iraqi Freedom ( OIF ) veterans in demand of mental wellness services is on the rise ( Chen, 2007 ) . The research sing combat related unwellness has chiefly revolved around male veterans. Half a million female veterans get wellness attention through the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, and the figure is expected to turn by 30 per centum in the following five old ages ( Chen, 2007 ) . Although most service members will ab initio be treated in military intervention installations, many may happen themselves returning to have psychological intervention in Veteran Affairs or public intervention centres. Therefore, it is of import for all wellness attention professionals to hold cognition of female issues relevant to these returning soldiers. There are important menaces to the wellness of all participants in military operations during wartime such as conflict hurts, station traumatic emphasis upset ( PTSD ) , traumatic encephalon hurt ( TBI ) , endemic infective diseases and military equipment related accidents ( Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2009 ) . In add-on, there can be alone menaces to the wellness of adult females in combat environments. These alone menaces must be examined to guarantee quality intervention for female veterans.Womans in the MilitaryHistorically, adult females ‘s integrating into the Armed Forces has followed a series of progresss an d reverses, with progresss closely tied to deficits of qualified males, normally during war times ( Murdoch et al. , 2006 ) . Female veterans have been portion of every struggle the United States of America has been involved in. Their parts have been tremendous, yet they have been overshadowed by male veterans. Many female veterans have been killed during combat and many today live with life changing hurts. Additionally, female soldiers have been captured and taken as Prisoners of War ( POW ) . Brave nurses pioneered the belief that adult females are able to hold a big impact during war clip. For illustration, at considerable hazard to themselves, nurses pioneered the scheme of conveying intervention to hurt soldiers on the battleground alternatively of evacuating them foremost ( Murdoch et al. 2006 ) . Merely as female nurses function in the armed forces are recognized as indispensable, the other places females hold in the armed forces have become progressively recognized through combat decorations and assorted distinguished awards. However, while adult females have ma de big paces in being accepted by the armed forces, they still encounter mental and physical troubles that are alone to being a female veteran.Posttraumatic stress disorderPTSD is an anxiousness upset that manifests feelings of intense fright, weakness, and panic. Exposure to a â€Å" terrific event or series of eventsaˆÂ ¦in which grave physical injury occurred or was threatened † is the cause of PTSD ( Collie, Backos, Malchiodi, & A ; Spiegel, 2006, p. 157 ) . The research sing PTSD has chiefly revolved around male veterans, and there is a dearth of research sing female veterans that are diagnosed with PTSD. Female veterans have multiple forecasters that could take to a diagnosing of PTSD after functioning clip in war.Pre-military injuryFemale veterans report high rates of posttraumatic emphasis upset due to an association with hapless psychiatric maps, substance maltreatment, and physical wellness jobs. Emotional maltreatment is associated with poorer role-physical op eration, increased bodily hurting and greater odd of utilizing pain medicine in the past six months with physical maltreatment being associated with poorer general wellness ( Lang et al. , 2006 ) . Recent surveies indicate about all female veterans experience a traumatic event at some point in their lives ( Zinzow et al. , 2007 ) . Some of the important injury histories that female veterans have been exposed to include sexual assault, child sexual maltreatment, adult sexual maltreatment, physical assault, child physical maltreatment and domestic force. Womans with histories of childhood ill-treatment have higher rates of physical wellness jobs and greater medical use compared to adult females without maltreatment histories ( Zinzow et al. , 2007 ) . The fact that female veterans have a high sum of trauma histories may be related to the research that a big sum of adult females enlist in the armed forces to get away unhealthy environments such as domestic maltreatment and drug maltrea tment ( Sadler, Booth, Mengeling & A ; Doebbeling, 2004 ) . Surveies suggest that more than half ( 52 % -54 % ) of female veterans experience pre-military physical or sexual maltreatment and that they are more likely than work forces to describe pre-military injury ( Sadler et al. , 2004 ) ) . . Furthermore, physical and sexual force among female veterans during wartime has been indicated to hold higher rates when compared to peace clip military samples and female civilians ( Wolf et al. , 1998 ) . All in all, adult females may come in the armed forces with symptoms of important injury histories, be exposed to extra hazard factors during combat exposure and brush sexual assault while functioning in the armed forces.Military Sexual TraumaFemale veterans non merely see pre-military injury, but they besides have an addition of force exposure within the military environment that includes tolerance of sexual torment by higher-ups and unwanted sexual progresss. When a female veteran experiences these traumatic events, it is referred to as Military Sexual Assault ( MST ) . MST testing at infirmaries around the state have been labeled as inconsistent. There tends to be a deficit of female physicians, and medical staff has non received proper preparation to assistance veterans enduring from MST. All of these insufficiencies contribute to a deficiency of understanding about how to handle female veterans who live with the symptoms of MST. The estimated prevalence of military-related sexual assault ranges from 30 % in a survey done by ( Sadler et al. , 2004 ) to 71 % in a PTSD disability-seeking sample completed by ( Murdoch Pounsny, Hodges, & A ; O'Brien, 2004 ) . Harmonizing to a big survey of former military militias, more than half of sexual assaults that took topographic point during military service occurred at a military work site and during responsibility hours ( Zinzow et al. , 2007 ) . A bulk of the wrongdoers are fellow soldiers and creates a nerve-racking environment for adult females populating on military evidences. T his state of affairs has the female veteran life at the same military site that the culprit resides, therefore, seeing them on a day-to-day footing. Military sexual injury besides effects their military calling due to a big sum of veterans seeking to reassign or go forth the service as a consequence of the traumatic events they encountered ( Sadler, Booth, Cook & A ; Doebbeling, 2003 ) .Gender DifferencesThe research associated with female veterans shows the difference between what female veterans experience with PTSD compared to male veterans. By and large, interpersonal factors, depression, household, interpersonal factors and fright are more of import to PTSD among adult females and female veterans report more revenant symptoms and are more likely to run into the standards for PTSD even though they are undiagnosed ( Benda and House, 2003 ) . Women look to be more socially invested and more flexible in interpersonal sharing and support so work forces. It makes sense to see that fo nd regards, societal support and jobs with household and friends are more relevant to PTSD among adult females than work forces ( Benda and House, 2003 ) . Additionally, female veterans appear to be more unfastened sing their PTSD diagnosing, and are by and large more active in having the aid that they deserve.Virtual Reality ExposureA new intervention supplying consequences to our current veterans is Virtual Reality Exposure ( VRE ) therapy. The construct of ( VRE ) involves plunging the veteran in a computer-generated universe utilizing a assortment of engineerings, such as show systems, three dimensional stimulations, simulated odors, and realistic pilotage devices ( Reger & A ; Gregory, 2008 ) . During the therapy, the veteran is exposed to battle stimulations in controlled mode.The end of VRE is to go desensitized to the stimulation that the traumatic memories evoke. VRE gives the clinician a tool to modulate emotional battle. Effective intervention requires triping the patholo gical fright construction and integrating new, disconfirming information ( Reger, & A ; Gregory, 2008 ) . Additionally, VRE provides an option to speak therapy for veterans who are concerned with the stigma attached to traditional therapy. VRE intervention increases the likeliness of female veterans making out to seek intervention for a job that can greatly impact their lives.Art TherapyAnother lifting signifier of intervention for PTSD with female veterans is art therapy. Art therapy uses art as an look that helps persons callback, re-enact, and incorporate traumatic experiences and retrieve from emotional upsets associated with psychological injury ( Brett & A ; Ostroff, 1985 ) . Art therapy has been applied to a broad scope of injury, such as domestic force and maltreatment which gives recognition to its effectivity with female veterans. As a consequence, the modern-day pattern of art therapy in the intervention of injury, and more late PTSD, emphasizes the utility of art look in the Reconstruction of the injury narrative and besides in the direction of emphasis, physical symptoms, and psychological upsets ensuing in ague or chronic injury ( Ballou, 1995, pp. 68 ) . One of import facet of art therapy is the creative activity of a safe infinite for the female veteran where these traumatic feelings can be processed. Sometimes the verbal accomplishment to depict traumatic experiences is missing, and by making art, the individual can experience more confident. Persons with PTSD may hold troubles building a coherent injury narrative with words entirely, so art doing provides a non-verbal signifier of communicating that may be more suited to consolidating and incorporating traumatic memories ( Collie et al. , 2006 ) . An of import curative tool of art therapy is the thought of containment, holding traumatic stuff within an object or image. This provides the veteran a sense of control over terrifying and intrusive memories and promotes emotional self-efficacy ( Collie et al. , 2006 ) . Based on the theory behind this tool, art therapy shows a promise as a intervention for combat-related PTSD. Art therapy has the ability to cut down immediate symptoms, overcome turning away, emotional numbing, and ease the organisation and integrating of traumatic memories in ways that traditional talk therapy can non supply ( Collie et al. , 2006 ) . Therefore, art therapy is going popular in handling female combat veterans with PTSD returning from OEF and OIF.Cognitive-behavioral Conjoint TherapyAs the newest coevalss of veterans return place, many persons face duty-related traumatic experiences that create PTSD and relationship hurt. Compared with old wars, possibly one of the biggest differences with the current war is that OEF/OIF service work forces and adult females are older and more likely to be married/partnered and to hold kids ( Monson, Fredman, & A ; Adair, 2008 ) . The consequence of traumatization on intimate relationships has been an country of concern for returning veterans. Female veterans enduring from PTSD have more terrible relationship jobs, a higher likeliness of disassociating and to disassociate multiple times, higher rate s of verbal and physical aggression against spouses and kids, more sexual disfunction, and higher significant damages in emotional expressiveness ( Milliken, Auchterlonie, & A ; Hoge, 2007 ) . In add-on to high and increasing prevalence of mental wellness jobs among OEF/OIF service members, one of the most noteworthy countries of lifting jobs is in interpersonal relationships ( Milliken et al. , 2007 ) . Due to these recent finds, cognitive-behavioral conjoint therapy for PTSD has been used to handle OEF/OIF combat veterans. Cognitive-behavioral conjoint therapy for PTSD assumes that the association between PTSD and adumbrate relationship hurt is complex and mutual ; PTSD symptoms are considered to lend to straiten, which, in bend exacerbates and reinforces PTSD symptomology ( Monson et al. , 2008 ) . This type of therapy is suited for a assortment of twosomes showing for intervention because it keeps twosomes unified against PTSD and its effects on the relationship. The twosomes are encouraged to analyze how to shrivel the function PTSD plays in their relationship. With the addition Numberss of service members and their households enduring the aftereffects of combat related traumatic experiences, healer must endeavor to develop the best possible intervention. Although the strong association between PTSD and adumbrate relationship jobs is unfortunate, this connexion besides presents an chance to capitalise on the mending power of intimate relationships to better the wellness of the persons and their relationship ( Monson et al. , 2008 ) . All things considered, Cognitive-behavioral conjoint therapy for PTSD has the coincident ends of bettering PTSD in one or both persons of the twosome and bettering their confidant relationship.Body-oriented TherapyA recent manner of therapy that is effectual for handling female veterans is Body-oriented therapy intercessions. In a survey done by ( Prince, 2007 ) the research workers found the intercession provided new accomplishments for hurting decrease and self-care, facilitation of emotional consciousness, trust, and control, and for many penetration into the function of body-mind consciousness and connexion in healing and trauma recovery. Body-oriented therapy is focused on easing centripetal and emot ional consciousness utilizing a combination of hand-on and verbal therapy. The end is to go cognizant of your organic structure and head. This manner of therapy is designed to be antiphonal to single comfort and safety demands, and therefore there is flexibleness to go to to emotional or physical uncomfortableness, should it originate ( Prince, 2007 ) . At the terminal of the intervention, a reappraisal of the session experience is discussed and a development of a take-home organic structure awareness exercising is given to the veteran. This gives the female veteran the ability to go on to use what they have learned on a day-to-day bases. The long-run consequences may give a female veteran to hold greater consciousness of how their head and organic structure work are integrated.DecisionWomans veterans are courageous, dedicated persons who are motivated to function this state and do forfeits for our freedom. Therefore, it is of import for us to acknowledge their parts. Female veteran s will go on to supply a critical function in the military alongside their male opposite numbers. Recognition of the physical and mental wellness challenges is long delinquent. Female veterans are seeking guidance services for combat related unwellnesss at a rapid gait. Therefore, it is imperative that counsellors have accurate cognition and research the alone troubles female veterans face. By holding a better apprehension of these troubles, counsellors can supply consequence intervention that female veterans desire and deserve.

The Mexican-American War, Were We Justified

The Mexican-American War was a war between the United States and Mexico which lasted from April 1846 to February 1848. It stemmed from the United States' annexation of Texas in 1845 and from a dispute over whether Texas ended at the Nueces River (Mexican claim) or the Rio Grande (U. S. claim). The war was the most devastating event in Mexican history, where Mexico lost the modern day areas of California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Colorado and Montana. The Mexican-American spawned out of land lust. The idea of Manifest Destiny and the promising lands of California, which were coveted by many European nations, led to a war of greed.Even Abraham Lincoln, then a young Congressman, and Ulysses S. Grant, the future Civil War victorious commander and U. S. President, believed that the invasion of Mexico was not justified. Mexico had rejected a $15 million cash-for-land deal offered by the US. The area included what now covers the states of California, Arizona, New Mexico and parts of Col orado and Utah. This territory was Mexican, but only nominally; control over the area was slight, and open to intrusion. Irritated at the rebuff, the US struck back in1845 by annexing Texas, a territory long disputed and fought over by both countries.Mexico responded by severing diplomatic relations. U. S. President Polk further provoked Mexico by moving troops south to the Rio Grande, a river that historically was considered well within Mexico. U. S. and Mexican troops skirmished across the river, leading Polk to declare to Congress on May 11, 1846, that â€Å"†¦the cup of forbearance has been exhausted,† and that â€Å"American blood has been spilled on American soil. † (Source: Eisenhower’s So Far From God, pages 49-55) The U. S. -Mexican War is the pivotal chapter in the history of North America.It is the war that sealed the fates of it's two participants. For the United States, the War garnered huge amounts of territory and wealth, bootstrapping the fl edgling democracy onto the world stage. For Mexico, the War sent the emerging nation into a tailspin that it is still reckoning with today, one hundred fifty years later. In the United States the US-Mexican War is virtually forgotten, and for good reason, as it is the clearest example of American greed and undiplomatic actions. The Mexican-American War was waged upon Mexico out of pure greed and disregard for international liberty.In conclusion, the United States was unjust in its declaration of war on Mexico in 1846. The U. S. was clouded with dreams of Manifest Destiny. It had a president that was obsessed with fulfilling campaign promises and greed for new land. Polk was looking for revenge for the denial of the proposal for buying California as was evident in his original reasons for declaring war on Mexico. Also the U. S. provoked this border dispute into the two-year war that it became by purposely inciting the Mexicans into a fight. All these reasons are the evidence that the US was not justified in declaring war on Mexico.

Skrillex

Moore announced he had left From First to Last to pursue a solo career. He then launched a Myspace page displaying three demos (â€Å"Signal†, â€Å"Equinox†, and â€Å"Glow Worm†). This led to Moore's first performance since his leaving From First to Last. On April 7, 2007, alongside harpist Carol Robbins, Moore played several original songs at a local art building. After months of releasing demos via Myspace, Moore played on the Team Sleep Tour with a full band. The tour also featured supporting acts Monster in the Machine and Strata.Moore made several demo CDs available on this tour, limited to about 30 per show. These CDs were tour exclusive, and were packaged in â€Å"baby blue envelopes†, each with a unique drawing by Moore or bandmate. In February 2008, Alternative Press Magazine announced the second annual AP Tour, with All Time Low, The Rocket Summer, The Matches, and Forever the Sickest Kids, as well as Sonny Moore. The tour started in Houston, T exas on March 14 and went through North America, ending in Cleveland, Ohio on May 2, with the majority of the shows being sold out.All bands playing the tour would be featured on the cover of Alternative Press Magazine's annual 100 Bands You Need to Know special, and would be interviewed on the Alternative Press Podcast. During this tour Moore's line-up consisted of Sean Friday on drums, Christopher Null on guitar, and Aaron Rothe on keyboards. On April 7, 2009, he released Gypsyhook EP, a digital EP, which featured three songs and four remixes. Also included was a Japanese version of â€Å"Mora† entitled â€Å" † (â€Å"Kaisui†). Physical copies of the EP were available at his shows.After going on tour with Innerpartysystem and Paper Route and opening for Chiodos on their European tour, Moore performed at Bamboozle on May 2. He performed on Bamboozle Left's Saints and Sinners stage on April 4. He toured with Hollywood Undead in April 2009 performing under the b and name Sonny and the Blood Monkeys, with Chris Null (electric guitar), Sean Friday (drums, percussion & beats) and Aaron Rothe (keyboards, synthesizers, programming & turntables) Although no official statement has been given regarding the album, Moore has stated that Bells will no longer be released.

Profile of World Food Organizations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Profile of World Food Organizations - Assignment Example FAO is currently engaged in food security programs and is striving to reduce hunger in the world in line with the Millennium Development Goals. Through a number of worldwide programs, FAO is promoting tangible and effective solutions to hunger, poverty and undernourishment. FAO is currently funding investment in agriculture. This is through the promotion of rural development in developing countries through identifying agricultural policies that are sustainable. It mobilizes funds from World Bank, regional development banks among other multilateral institutions. (FAO, 2003) The World Food Program has its headquarters in Rome, Italy. Its management team members include an Executive board having representatives from the thirty six member states. Ertharin Cousin is the current Executive Director. She is the head of the WFP secretariat. The WFP is funded by the European Union and various donations that are made voluntarily by the various governments in the world, private donors and corporations. The organization is currently involved in the coordination of pilot project, Purchase for Progress, which aims at helping the farmers access the agricultural market. WFP is also working towards improving the production in agriculture of the farmers in the developing countries through agricultural financing. UNDP has its headquarters in New York City. The management team members comprise of an administrator, Helen Clark, an associate administrator, Rebeca Grynspan and a number of assistant administrators including Tegegnework Gettu  from Ethiopia for Africa, Sima Sami Bahous representing the  Arab States,  Cihan SultanoÄŸlu  from Europe, Ajay Chhibber  representing Asia and the Pacifc,  Heraldo Munoz Valenzuela  representing the  Caribbean and the Latin America. At the Bureau of Management is  Jens Wandel  from Denmark. UNDP if funded majorly by private donors, governments and members.

Evaluate the risk exposure to commercial bank whilst they endeavour to Essay

Evaluate the risk exposure to commercial bank whilst they endeavour to maximize their revenues within profitable lending - Essay Example It is the most common risk experienced by banks in lending. It occurs when customers are unable to meet their obligations, fall due and causes the bank to suffer a loss. Different bank transactions that cause the credit risk may result from the lending made to the governments, individuals, and companies. Second, it may result from lending money in exchange for security bonds. Commercial banks also exchange lending with shares, swaps, trade finance transactions, and other items. The probability of risk increased due to the different items that may cause the credit risk. The risk increase in the event, the bank fails to evaluate the customer credit worthiness. It is more probable to lose a huge sum of money when commercial banks offer huge loans to customers without proper credit rating. The risk results from market rate fluctuations. Normally, the banks allow customers to deposit money in the bank at a certain rate. Subsequently, banks give out the money in the form of loans at a rate higher than the one paid to depositors. Commercial banks risk a loss when the government control lowers the lending interest rates. If the lending interest’s rates decrease below the interest rate provided to depositor’s commercial banks may experience difficulties paying back the money to the depositors. The probability and the severity of loss increase when the government exercises serious controls in the monetary market. The interest rate risk affects the currents earnings of a firm and the present value of the future cash flows due to changes in the interest factor value. The depositors in a bank may withdraw their deposits from the bank any time as long as they do not violate the terms agreed. At the same time, the bank may offer huge sums of loan against few deposits made by customers. In case the customers decide withdraw their deposits, the funds will be unavailable. The liquidity risk is the probability that the bank will

Hiv the past and present global y Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Hiv the past and present global y - Essay Example Because of AIDS, there had been sever distortion in the economy of Africa and also the life expectancy of the region has been significantly affected. It is not only an epidemic suffocating Africa, but all the continents of world are suffering hardly to combat this disease. According to (Ashford,2006)â€Å"By 2005, more than 25 million people had died and an estimated 39 million were living with HIV. An estimated 4 million people were newly infected with HIV in 2005—95percent of them in sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe, or Asia†. HIV is not only a disease devastating global society, but it is also the fourth ranked fatal diseases in the world. The number of children and adults died because of this epidemic is far beyond imagination and statistics. The Origin of HIV It is a common notion among people that origin of HIV/AIDS virus is due to some natural phenomena. It is widely believed that African men contracted AIDS from some chimpanzee during hunting time. As per (Hor owitz,2002(â€Å"Key among these HIV origin theories is the so called "cut hunter theory" in which a human, allegedly African native, received a bloody wound or infected splash while preparing a chimpanzee carrying a similar virus†. But further researched ignored this concept, and accused human for the emergence of HIV and AIDS. The HIV was however, first recognized in 1981, when many gay men developed an unexplainable resistance to medication for their acquired infections and cancers. Interestingly, HIV scientifically called Human Immunodeficiency Virus progressed to become AIDS. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or otherwise called AIDS can harm the immunity of a person and can cause death of the person. Once a person have detected with HIV, then he in few years a victim gets AIDS. AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection. It is only good if the person infected with HIV in the initial stage is treated otherwise he can be diseased with AIDS which is fatal.â€Å"CDC estimat es that about 56,000 people in the United States contracted HIV in 2006.There are two types of HIV, HIV-1 and HIV-2. In the United States, unless otherwise noted, the term â€Å"HIV† primarily refers to HIV-1†(NCH,2010).It can be an astonishing fact, but the origin of HIV is still in ambiguity and up to date science is engaged in study about the origin of this malicious disease. HIV Prevalence in African continent HIV is a condition over the past three decades have cause irrevocable damage to health, wellbeing and sustenance of a person. In 27 years time, HIV has killed around 25 million people and causes debilitating illness and horrifying death states to people in their prime years of life. This disease has not only caused damage to the life of a person but also caused devastation to the family and community surrounding them. Moreover it had kept a very complicated situation in front of African countries in fighting the poverty and improvement of health of their socie ty.As per (Chao,2010,pg.41-50) â€Å"South Africa is at the epicenter of the HIV/AIDS epidemic severely affecting nearly all countries in sub Saharan Africa.   South Africa has one of the highest HIV prevalence rates in the world†. The effect of HIV on health can show many symptoms and

Correlational Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Correlational - Research Paper Example able I choose from the study of our course while being able to make sound decisions at the workplace is the variable I choose as part of the workplace demands of a 20th century employee. I choose these two because both variables are interrelated. Having commitment in the workplace would allow one to have more ownership and a sense of responsibility towards his/her job which is a very important factor that will allow one to extract almost all possible solutions to a problem instead of jumping into the most convenient game plan that is available (Cognitive Demands of the Workplace, n.d.). On the other hand, a workplace that allows an employee to have a free hand in making decisions will increase the commitment an employee has of a company because he or she feels heard and treated as an asset that could do something beneficial to the business. Having seen the strong connection between both variables, applying the results of this survey in the workplace would definitely produce a generation of workers who would initiate breakthroughs instead of just going through the daily motions of delivering what is expected of them, would try hard to over deliver with or without a promise of an additional compensation, and lastly, would fight for any opportunity to close a deal like it was their own business even when most of the time a closed sale does not directly benefit an employee. Media, D. (n.d.). Factors Affecting Employee Performance | Chron.com. Small Business - Chron.com. Retrieved February 6, 2013, from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/factors-affecting-employee-performance-978.html Cognitive Demands of the Workplace (n.d.). LDAO. Retrieved February 6, 2013, from

Environments of organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Environments of organization - Essay Example To create the fruit of this cooperative enterprise, LEJ employs about eleven full time staff and employs approximately fifty paid youth interns each year. Pfeffer & Salancik argue that Organizations are inescapably bound up with the conditions of their environment & they engage in activities which lead them to quicker adjustment in their environment (Pfeffer p.233). The Resource Dependency Theory (RDT) developed by Pfeffer & Salancik highlights that most important task of an organization is to survive & the most influencing factor on the shape of an organization is not how it consumes resources but how it acquires it (Pfeffer p.234). Therefore according to Pfeffer & Salancik, the effective organization is the one which satisfies the demand of those in the environment from whom it requires support for its continued existence (Pfeffer p.242) DiMaggio & Powell similarly argue in their seminal article on institutional isomorphism & collective rationality that organizations tend to look more and more similar the more an organizational field develops (DiMaggio & Powell, P.147). This process which they name Isomorphism in organization not necessarily drives it towards more efficiency but more acceptability. They argue that the major factor which organizations must take into account is other organizations as they not only compete for resources and customers but also political power & institutional legitimacy (DiMaggio & Powell, P.150). They suggest three mechanisms for this change which they term as coercive, mimetic & normative isomorphism. The biggest survival issue for any non-profit organization like LEJ is the constant supply of funding to various projects. With propping up of new non-profit organization with the same domain of work & the temporary down turn in economy post 9/11 caused LEJ to reconsider its funding issues. The leadership decided to stick to its mission principle and reject any funding & project proposals which are outside its scope to create an image of a principled organization which appeals to donors having environment related donations. This required restructuring, introducing processes within the organization which makes channelizing of ideas easily into grants proposals and actively pursuing potential donors for grants and ideas which can quickly be converted to grant proposals. This resulted into creation of a slot for full time grant writer, who can convert ideas into grant proposals. This was a classical attempt to improve their chances of securing their resources which in case of non-profi ts is extremely important. As Pfeffer & Salancik have argues that organizations always attempt to secure their resources without owning it (Pfeffer & Salancik, p. 236) in the environments once continuous availability of a resource is a problematic issue. Coercive Isomorphism always comes into play while dealing with Government & Donors (in case of non-profits). The constant change of government's procedures to ensure check and balances in non-profit organizations, LEJ has to constantly transform how it works through employee orientation and training for the departments which deal with government like taxations and audits etc. Moreover funding by donors also comes with certain compulsions in denial of donations to certain projects and emphasis on certain others, LEJ has to ensure that they constantly satisfy their

Critically assess the relevance of Marxist theory to the study of Essay

Critically assess the relevance of Marxist theory to the study of media texts - Essay Example Moore looks into the presidency of George W. Bush and analyzes the future of the country in the light of his policies and actions. Moore alleges that Bush family had long-term business relationship with the Saudi royalty and the family of bin Ladens. Bush and his inner circle avoided pursuing the Saudi connection to 9/11, despite the fact that 15 of the 19 hijackers were Saudis and Saudi money had allegedly funded Al Qaeda (Fahrenheit 9/11). Fahrenheit 9/11 shows how a nation is kept in constant fear by FBI alerts and ultimately lulled into accepting the USA Patriot Act, that according to the film infringes on basic civil rights further adding that it is in this atmosphere of "confusion, suspicion and dread" that the Bush Administration "invades" Iraq. Fahrenheit 9/11 shows clips of the war to highlight the US casualties and the human cost to individual soldiers and their families thus invoking anti-state feelings within the armed forces. The core narrative of Fahrenheit 9/11 paraphrased from various reviews on the film: the Bush administration seize... ure the world's second largest reservoir of oil-all on the dubious grounds that Saddam Hussein was behind Al Qaeda's attack on World Trade Centre and his regime which possessed weapons of mass destruction posed a serious threat to the security of the United States and its Western allies. Fahrenheit 9/11 has been one of the most controversial and provocative documentary films since 2004 when it was released in the United States and worldwide. It seems to have borrowed the title and inspiration from Ray Bradbury's fiction novel "Fehrenheir 451" published in 1953. The thrust of the novel is towards highlighting the major concerns of the 1950s such as McCarthyite witch-hunt against communists , burning of books in Nazi Germany; Soviet leader Stalin's suppression of writers and books and the horrifying consequences of a nuclear weapon on the fictional town of Phoenix. Fahrenheit 451 belongs to George Orwell's "Big Brother" genre which is not exactly a Marxist comment on the society but a reflection of Western liberal thought. One may argue that Bush comes out in the film as the main protagonist, however, in its over all impact the film, wittingly or unwittingly, shuns narrative structure of story-telling that is the hallmark of the Hollywood style of film-making. Vertov and his colleagues believed both in the absolute ability of the cinema apparatus to reproduce reality as it actually appears and in the necessity of editing to arrange this reality into an expressive and persuasive whole. This doctrine, called by Vertov kino-glaz ("cinema-eye"), contributed significantly to the montage aesthetics which came to dominate the Soviet cinema after 1924. (Cook, 1996 p.134) Fahrenheit 911 does not use a protagonist or a narrative and uses a format which is more associated with the

Deliberate and Emergent Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Deliberate and Emergent Strategies - Essay Example he business, emergent strategies are formed with the inherent belief that things will change in an unexpected manner and therefore, any strategy formed is destined to fail. Comparing the two, emergent strategy is more realistic and conservative compared to the deliberate strategy, which is more optimistic and long-sighted. The fact that emergent strategy provides a relatively pessimistic view of realization of the plans does not mean that planning is inherently purposeless. Instead, emergent strategy encourages the parties involved in strategic planning to prioritize their efforts and focus upon achievement of the short-term goals rather than the long-term goals as the future is uncertain. Emergent strategies might help with a future planning process by identifying milestones in the near future, and working out ways to achieve them. The potential consequences of ignoring emergent strategies would be misuse and wastage of time, efforts, and resources. The strategic plans that took so much time and effort making might never realize and even worse, the short-term plans or intermediate milestones would not be

Is it necessary to stop speaking and using a native language in order Essay

Is it necessary to stop speaking and using a native language in order to identify with a new culture - Essay Example Cultural awareness involves knowledge of cultures around a person while cultural sensitivity involves ability to identify cultural trends and to adjust to needs in a cultural set up. It is therefore important to identify possible differences between one’s native culture and a new culture and to understand effects of the differences. In cases where language difference is a barrier to cross cultural interaction, a speaker must identify differences in language and respond by refraining from speaking in the native language. This will ensure effective interaction between a speaker and members of a new culture. However, if the native language is not offensive to members of the new culture, and especially if the language is pleasing to the members, then its use is likely to facilitate cross cultural cohesion and the language should be

Macbeth Article Critique Essay Example for Free

Macbeth Article Critique Essay Overall darkness is at fault for the tragedy of Macbeth. Most scenes in story were dark and held an evil atmosphere. A.C. Bradley stated that with so much darkness surrounding the hero, (Macbeth), he was bound to be corrupted by it. The witch’s prophecy, Lady Macbeth, and the constant spilling of blood both innocent and guilty. This darkness that corrupted him led Macbeth to madness as well as his wife. He and Lady Macbeth feared the night when sleep would succumb them and their guilty conscious plagued their dreams. All their evil deeds were brought to the for-front of their minds when they were asleep and this recurring nightmare drove Lady Macbeth to take her own life. When surrounded by darkness one will eventually succumb to its overwhelming power. A.C. Bradley’s argument about the atmosphere of Macbeth was fairly logical. Except for paragraph three where his words caused confusion. Bradley states that momentary flashes of light are shown at random parts of the play. Then he proceeds onto listing those moments. However, this confuses one’ because he doesn’t state what he believes is the reason for these flashes. This paragraph makes one question whether these flashes are good or bad? Are they a sign of Macbeth turning a new leave? All these questions are a burden to the readers. Another confusing matter that comes into play after reading the article is its clarity. The article is partially written in an advanced jargon. This jargon trips up the readers and forces them to re-read the article, divide it into sections, then analyze and translate the meaning of his words. At first it is difficult to interpret the meaning of his words but once understood one would think â€Å"OH, How come I didn’t get it the first time I read it or was it always this clear†? The analyzing of Bradley’s words take up too much time and he should have written them in simpler terms. This article may have its confusing parts but it is well constructed and states the writers’ opinion clearly and methodically. The reactions it evoked from one’ were confusion, stress, and amazement. A.C. Bradley can truly write an amazing paper that makes the readers think deeply without restraint. This article made one think of questions such as â€Å" Did Shakespeare really use light as a fore-warning of an evil deed instead of a good deed?† or â€Å"Does living in a negative environment warp a person’s personality and make them evil and deadly?† the article is great and should be read and critiqued by others. The atmosphere of Macbeth was indeed dark and did weigh on the characters souls, but it is not what caused the tragic events in Macbeth. What caused the tragedy was pure human greed and lust for power. In the beginning of the play when the witches for-told Macbeth of his destiny to become king he began to think of all the ways he could hasten his crowning. However, he feared his treasonous thoughts but his wife didn’t. Ensnared in her lust for power, riches, and fame Macbeth acted on those treasonous thought and killed his king. The man he swore ever-lasting allegiance to. All this just to satisfy his and his Lady’s’ greed for the power King Duncan held. However, his crowning only led to paranoia and un-satisfaction. This is because a senseless act done out of greed can never satisfy or settle ones heart and conscious. Like Erich Fromm stated â€Å"Greed is a bottomless pit which exhausts the person in an endless effort to satisfy the need without ever ending satisfaction.† The hole that could never be filled in Macbeth drove him to madness and in the end led to his and many others’ demise. Greed, lust, and power all added together never result in a happy ending. It only leads to tragedy. The tragedy that was the atmosphere of Macbeth.

Knowledge Attitude Practices Repeat Cesarean Health And Social Care Essay

Knowledge Attitude Practices Repeat Cesarean Health And Social Care Essay Cesarean delivery is defined as the birth of a fetus through incisions in the abdominal wall and uterine wall . An increase of in the cesarean delivery has been observed worldwide. However, the World Health Organization (WHO) states that no region in the world is justified in having a cesarean rate greater than 10 to 15%. According to the WHO, cesarean delivery rate of more than 15% is indicative of inappropriate use of resources . According to Department of Health, the Philippines 2006 national cesarean rate is 24%. In Davao Medical Center (DMC), the rate as of 2008 is recorded at 19% as depicted in the OB-Gyne departments annual cesarean review statistics. In the US, most common indication of cesarean section is repeat cesarean which accounts for 35% of all cases as reported by the United States Public Health Service. The rates have been steadily increasing due to a higher number of sections for fetal distress as electronic fetal monitoring has been used extensively for presumed fetal compromise, the many breech presentations delivered abdominally as well as the increasing acceptability of cesarean delivery by maternal request. Before the 1970s, deliveries by cesarean section were considered as an indication for cesarean section in the subsequent pregnancies, reflecting a concern that uterine scar tissue might rupture during labor. However, in the 1980s, the dictumonce a cesarean, always a cesarean, espoused by Craigin (1916) was revised in many countries, and a trial of labor in women with history of cesarean section was proposed as an attempt to reduce cesarean section rates. However, an apparent increase in the incidence of uterine rupture and concern about maternal and fetal safety have challenged the choice of vaginal delivery in women having a scarred uterus. As a consequence, clinicians are increasingly being faced in deciding the mode of delivery in pregnant women whose first delivery was by cesarean section. This scenario has also been observed in the Philippine setting. DMC, as a specific case, recorded increasing cesarean deliveries accounting to a third of all deliveries for 2008, of which, 11.53% for repeat CS while 19.8% for primary CS. In contrast, Vaginal Birth after Cesarean Section is a measly 1.2% of the total deliveries for 2008. This is due to the fact that patients who underwent VBAC were admitted for imminent delivery. Majority of these patients were not prepared during their prenatal visits and were unaware of the complications and risks of VBAC. The confounding reason of such practice is primarily economics: the high cost of undergoing an elective CS delivery as compared with the cost of vaginal delivery. These patients would rather risk undergoing VBAC without the benefit of intrapartum monitoring specifically for those attempting to deliver at lying-in clinics or at home. Based on the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) study, the incidence of uterine rupture is low at .2-.7% (Landon,2006). But despite its low incidence, ACOG guidelines on VBACS specifically mentioned that VBAC be performed in an institution where an obstetric, anesthesia, pediatric, and operating-room staff is available. This scenario provided impetus for the conceptualization of this study which is aimed at determining the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of repeat C-section patients and their willingness to undergo vaginal birth after C-section at DMC. Review of Related Literature In 2004, the number of C-sections had reached an all-time high, accounting for 29% of all births or 1 million babies (National Center for Health Statistics). This is despite the convention that vaginal delivery is associated with less maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality as compared with repeat cesarean section (Chauhan, 2004). For example, observational studies data from around 90,000 deliveries, have shown an increased risk of neonatal respiratory morbidity among term infants delivered by caesarean section (3.5-3.7%) compared with vaginal birth (0.5-1.4%). The following maternal risks significantly increase with increasing number of repeated caesarean deliveries: placenta accreta, injury to bladder, bowel or ureter, ileus, the need for postoperative ventilation, intensive care unit admission, hysterectomy, blood transfusion requiring four or more units and the duration of operative time and hospital stay (Russen et. al. 2004). Moreover, authors speculated that a prolonged inter-pregnancy interval may allow time for the previous cesarean delivery scar to reach its maximal tensile strength before the scar undergoes the mechanical stress and strain with a subsequent intrauterine pregnancy (Shipp et. al., 2000). Menacker et al. (2006) noted that cesarean rates fell between 1991 and 1996, and then began to rise rapidly. In 2004, over 29% of all births were by cesarean section. The rise in both the total and repeat cesarean rate has been widespread for women of all ages, races, medical indications, and for all infant gestational ages. The study also noted steep decrease in VBAC rate from 1996 to 2004 (see Figure 1). From this trend, the authors opined that the influence of recent medical opinion discouraging VBAC has had a strong effect on practice patterns, and had led to greater uniformity as well as a large increase in repeat cesarean deliveries by 2003. Figure 1 (Source: Menacker et al. pp. 236) The dramatic increase in cesarean sections over the past two decades has been significantly driven by repeat C-sections. In response, clinical guidelines recommending vaginal birth after cesarean-section (VBACS) have been promulgated by international organizations from different countries such as the United States, Canada, Europe, New Zealand and Australia. It is construed that adherence to these guidelines would reduce the number of repeat C-sections, lower the overall C-section rate and improve both the quality and the cost of health care. While these guidelines have received professional endorsement, their implementation has been clouded by issues of patient acceptance and provider payment. Neff (2004) discussed the risks and benefits of VBAC. Successful VBAC generally is associated with shorter maternal hospitalizations, fewer infections, less blood loss and fewer transfusions, and fewer thromboembolic events than cesarean delivery. However, a failed trial of labor may be associated with major maternal complications, such as hysterectomy, uterine rupture, operative injury, increased maternal infection, need for transfusion, and neonatal morbidity. Multiple cesarean deliveries are associated with an increased risk of placenta previa and accreta. With VBAC (Landon, 2004), the incidence of maternal death is extremely low. The incidence of perinatal death is less than 1 percent, and is more likely to occur during a trial of labor than an elective repeat cesarean delivery. Uterine rupture during a trial of labor after a previous cesarean delivery is a life-threatening complication directly associated with attempted VBAC. The patients obstetric history influences the risk of uterine rupture. A previous vaginal birth significantly reduces the risk of uterine rupture. Also, the longer the length of time between deliveries, the lower the risk of rupture. Women who attempt VBAC who have interdelivery intervals of less than 24 months have a two- to three-fold increased risk of uterine rupture compared with women whose interdelivery interval is more than 24 months. A study conducted Hopkins and Potter (1998) on C-sections patients in Brazil concluded that while many women fear the pain associated with childbirth and the consequences of a vaginal birth for the baby, they do not clamor for C-section delivery. Obstetricians were observed to have overplayed these fears to their advantage thereby overly estimating safety of C-section delivery. In fact, it has become a routine practice and is considered as safe or safer than a vaginal delivery. The study further documented that majority of first-time mothers in public and private hospitals wanted to deliver vaginally and considered vaginal birth superior in terms of recuperation. A majority believed that vaginal delivery does not have effect to their or their partners sexual life. Though majority was found to have considered normal childbirth more painful than a cesarean, but most also believed a cesarean causes a lot pain after the delivery. Less than 33% agreed that a cesarean is safer for the baby and less than 20% of women agreed that a C-section is safer for the woman. Objectives of the Study The objectives of the study are twofold: To come up with a profile of the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAPs) towards vaginal birth after C-section (VBACS) among repeat C-section patients Determine whether the KAPs of the respondents significantly influence their willingness to undergo VBACS Statement of the Problem This present study seeks answers to the following questions: What is the profile of the respondents in terms of their knowledge, attitudes and practices about VBACS? What is the frequency distribution of the respondents in terms of their willingness to undergo VBACS? Do the KAPs of the respondents significantly influence their acceptance to undergo VBAC in their next delivery? Does counseling about VBACS affect the respondents willingness to undergo vaginal birth after C-section? Conceptual framework It is hypothesized that the KAPs of the respondents toward VBAC significantly influence their willingness to deliver vaginally after having experienced C-section in their previous delivery. Significance of the Study The most common reason that a C-section is performed is that the woman has had a prior C-section delivery. DMC is not spared from the increasing trend of repeat C-section rate. Since vaginal delivery is undoubtedly associated with less maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, not to mention, medical supplies and other hospital resources, there is a need to find ways in order to reduce repeat C-section rate in DMC. DMC, a tertiary and referral hospital in the Southern Mindanao Region, has no available data on KAPs of women towards VBACS. Thus, the range information that this investigation will generate could provide baseline information that can be used to design appropriate interventions aimed at reducing the overall C-section rate in the institution. One of which is by counseling and encouraging patients to undergo VBACS. One of the significant risks when considering VBACS is uterine rupture because it has been the belief and fear of many repeat cesarean patients that a previously scarred uterus is too weak to withstand trial of labor hence discouraging them from going into VBACS. The information that would be gathered from this study would be of help in counseling repeat C-section patients ante-nataly and post-nataly to enable them to plan their preferred spacing intervals for the subsequent pregnancies. This is because women with prior C-section birth is considered high risk and so to optimizing maternal well being and healthcare. Moreover, data about the knowledge, attitude and practices of patients who had prior CS birth on VBACS would be of help to assess the level of acceptance of these patients and hopefully allay their fears thereby coming up with the best informed choice. Lastly, the results of the investigation could spur future research in the subject VBACS. Dependent Variable The willingness of the respondents to undergo vaginal birth after cesarean section in their next delivery Independent Variables The profile of the respondents in terms of their knowledge, attitude and practices towards vaginal birth after cesarean section. MethodOLOGY Design A descriptive cross-sectional survey design would be employed to address the research questions. Setting Outpatient department of the OB clinic in Davao Medical Center Respondents and Sampling All patients who had a prior C-section birth seen at the high risk clinic of the DMC OB OPD will be included in the sampling frame from February to April 2010. The sample size will be determined using the model , where n is the sample size, N is the population size and e is the margin of error. Inclusion Criteria All patients who had a prior CS birth will be included in the study. Exclusion Criteria Patients who will not give their consent will be excluded from participating. Data Extraction The questionnaire will be pilot tested among ten patients with previous CS at the DMC OB OPD. A structured survey form will be used for gathering data about the respondents KAPs towards VBACS and their willingness to undergo vaginal delivery (see Attachment 1). The principal investigator (PI) will conduct a one-on-one administration of the survey form. Prior to gathering information pertinent to the questions in the survey, informed consent (see Attachment 2) will be secured by the PI. After data gathering, the principal investigator will counsel the respondents about VBACS, its indication and absolute contraindication, complications and the VBACS ACOG guidelines. A post-test question will be done on their willingness to undergo VBACS after being counseled. Ethical Consideration Approval from the hospital ethics committee will be sought before the study will be conducted. After thoroughly discussing the nature, methodology and objectives of the study to the respondent, a written consent will be asked from each participating patient. Data Analysis The KAPs of the respondents towards VBACS will be profiled using descriptive statistics such as the mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage distribution. Their willingness to undergo vaginal delivery before and after counseling about VBACS will also be described using frequency and percentage distribution. Logistic regression analysis will be used to determine whether or not the KAPs of the respondents significantly influence their willingness to undergo VBACS. Time Frame The study will be conducted in February-April 2010. Budget Materials: 10,000.00 Miscellaneous: 8,000.00 Total: 18,000.00

Relationship Between Communication and Human Sciences

Relationship Between Communication and Human Sciences The aim of this paper is to critically analyse communication and its development of human societies. It will scrutinise whether any form of symbolic behaviour was a form of communication. This essay will question some of the findings of the past through the examination of communicative works such as cave-art. Discussion of urbanism and religion as a means of communication with divine or supernatural powers will then follow. Writing as posited as one of Childe’s ten criteria as a cause of urbanism will be critically evaluated. To conclude, I will offer my perspective on the development of human societies having evaluated the evidence and expert views. So what is communication? Communication is derived from the Latin word communis (Peters, 1999), meaning â€Å"to share†. Thus, communication is the activity of conveying information through the exchange of messages, information, and thoughts, as by signals, visuals, writing or behaviour. The history of communication dates b ack to ancient times, speech which revolutionized the human communication was developed some 200,000 years ago; symbols were developed about 30,000 years ago while writing about 7,000. Throughout the millennia, human societies underwent major changes in their social order where people lived 10,000 years ago in small, mobile groups which depended on wild plants and animals. Examples of those groups include but is not limited to those of the Yangzi river valley in East Asia and the Americas which underwent changes from hunter-gatherers to an organised society. It is these early examples of groups which domesticated local plant and animal species to forge a farming community and with the development of agriculture and sedentism, population growth soon followed. These farming societies transformed themselves into larger, more complex social systems characterised by cities, political states and class inequalities. As with civilisations such as those of Egyptian and Roman empires, rulers and dynasties rose and fell, and the potsherds and stone tools of archaeology made way for written documents. Without communication, the lives of human beings would be very different as it is critical for growing and maintaining everything around us. The relationship between communication and human society is ever-growing having achieved a huge growth in its partnership. Humans simply could not have achieve this kind of development and growth without the existence of communication. Within society, all relationships and social connections rely on communication and appreciate and understand its importance and with varying communication methods and processes, it gave a great boost to the development of human society. Communication as it is today is a continuing process as people strive to develop new and innovative communication methods and processes. To fully appreciate the growth of communication, we need to look back to the beginning to  the stone age when communication was in its initial developmental stages. There were no languages, resultantly little communication processes were followed by humans. The swift development of human abilities made way for the development of communication and human society. Humans began to use signs and non-verbal communication to communicate with fellow humans such as runners, birds, arrows, smokes. As humans became more and more organized, different kinds of languages and communication methods were developed. Major developments during the Stone Age were: Cave paintings Petro glyphs Pictograms Ideograms Later, during the Bronze Age, human beings invented writing which revolutionized the communication methods and processes, there began a new period of communication. Accepted examples of such writings are Egyptian hieroglyphs and the Indus Valley script (Tharoor 2009). By 2700 BC Egyptian writing had a set of some 22 hieroglyphs to represent syllables (Crabben 2011). Some of the prominent developments of these times are: Writing Alphabet Paper With the introduction of various form of communication, is the question whether symbolic behaviour is a form of communication? Communication and symbolic links seem to go hand in hand with features seen as symbolic objects such as daggers, warriors– some carrying weapons, axes, wheeled vehicles, houses, farm buildings and livestock. Other evidence presented is the rock-art of Valcamonica (Italy) and Southern Africa in which a number of symbolic representations were discovered. Southern-Africa in particular has cave-art of varying degrees of what I would consider a form of symbolism such examples include dancing women an various geometric forms. I believe that symbolic behaviour could be considered as a form of visual communication because a message is being conveyed irrespective of the media and form of communication. Not restricted to cave-art, symbolic behaviour is also seen through the construction of objects such as the sky-disk and sun chariot. The Nebra sky-disk depicts the sun, moon, 32 stars and two arcs, originally three. Its significance alludes any understanding of its significance, however, it does not detract from the fact that it is symbolic in nature and may have been used as an astronomical calculation tool to determine times of harvest (Haughton, 2011). Whatever the significance of the disk, it is still one of symbolism. The final piece of symbolism lies with the Sun Chariot, similar in its astronomical representation of the sun and moon which again illustrates a form of symbolism in the form of a bronze-wheeled-model of a horse pulling a large disk. Not isolated to mere models of bronze, the discovery of burial practices and metallurgy to display prestige and cultural practices can also be considered as a form of symbolism. Unfortunately, no depiction of the latter practices are represented in the rock-art, suggesting that the presence of cave-art does not fully represent the full range of activities, but does not exclude the very fact that once again symbolism is represented through prestige. Symbolism was prominent on a global basis and in Southern Africa, rock-art had symbolic meanings to those who created them. The representation of these paintings were linked between the material and spirit world which in turn depicted shamans and the spirit world. I believe that any consideration into the varying forms of symbolic behaviour should be seen as a form of communication. In summary with regards to symbolism and communication, I am inclined to support the idea that symbolism is a form of communication which is reinforced by Childes criteria for urbanism and the rise of civilisation coupled with the development of symbolic art (Perkins, 2013). Cave or rock-art is known as the oldest form of communication and is the precious remnant of an ancient way of life which provides some of the oldest clues of cultures from long ago. Rock-art and art form or drawing style provides a recorded history of human thought patterns and behaviour. Insights into their socio-religious aspects as well as their ancient culture and myths can be gained and prove valuable into gaining an insight into their lives. Between 30,000 and 5,000 years ago, no written records existed except for cave-art and rock etchings. It was not until post 5,000 years that other types of written records came into existence. Rock-art is in my opinion considered a form of communication and message, whether simple or complex, is special but yet to be fully understood. It provides a small glimpse into the socio-religious aspects of these ancient neolithic cultures. A number of theoretical views and opinions have purported to explain rock-art, but in my view, I am inclined t o suggest that rock-art simply portrays simple daily life. Another possible theory could be that of conveying a complex message about the shamans journey and their altered state of consciousness, suggesting a true appreciation and understanding of ancient tribal life. An air of caution must be placed in assuming that the paintings produced in a specific tribal social and religious context within cave-art has any resemblance to the belief systems of modern Western society and therefore should not be gauged to such. Any form of ritualistic, mythological or supernatural representations art is open to debate as to whether it is art or religion. The area surrounding art and its link to religion would be a difficult assumption to make as to view the work within a set context is to view the art in the same way as those who were around during that time period. As with any religious content, the interpretations are hypothetical and subjective based on the interpreters ideals. However, the presence of animals may have been more of a symbolic vision of the world around them. This art could also be a way of communicating possible ritual practices (Zorich, 2011) that may have taken place within the cave systems. There is a possible assumption that ritual practices taking place within the caves were a means of communication with divine or supernatural powers. The imagery of animals may have been viewed as sacred due to their physical strength indicating power. Throughout time there have been links with sham anism and rock art within the context of spiritualism. One such example is that of the Valcamonica figure which depicts a running man (Naquane, 2014), often identified as a shaman. The key controversy is that the art is a representation of the real world and with that consideration it questions its true purpose and functions. As with everything else in life, changes occur, additions are made to existing structures and art work; likewise with cave art by engraving over already existing work in addition to leaving existing engravings alone, signifies a meaning for those adding to the already present art. It is fair to surmise that maybe these images may have had a symbolic or religious function which in turn can be accepted as a form of communicating rituals and the idea of theology. To further support the theory, Scandinavian rock art is suggestive of ritual or mythological as well as associations with the supernatural. I truly believe that such interpretations are acceptable and sho uld be viewed as a way of looking beyond an established civilisation to that of conducting oneself to a higher power, a deity perhaps? Further evidence has recently come to light of the possible religious or spiritual practices from the discovery of rock-art in the highlands (McKenzie, 2014). The discovery included a boulder decorated with ancient cup and ring marks which archaeologists believe may have been made for a number of reasons. Some of these reasons include ritualistic, astronomical or simply doodling. If we were to assume that it was ritualistic, it implies that there may have been a link with divine or supernatural powers. It is a safe assumption that with cave-art, a link between communication and the belief of divine and supernatural powers exists. It is without a doubt that human communication is underpinned by a social survival imperative. In the words of Blakemore, Winston and Frith (2004) Humans crave the company of others and suffer profoundly if temporarily isolated from society. The above statement is indicative of the need to communicate hence with the spread of hunter-gatherers across various regions, communication took on differing forms. These ranged from non-verbal communication which consisted of possible facial expressions, tone of voice, body movement and stance which eventually emerged in conjunction with verbal communication within the hunter-gathers period. It is through the use of language as a symbolic form of communication to convey messages to one another but is not limited to just the verbal aspect of communicating. As previously mentioned, writing, drawing, painting and sculptures was and still is a form of communication, a graphical and yet symbolic method of communication. One asserts that the hunter-gathers of the time used various methods to communicate from non-verbal to verbal as well as art to project and record their beliefs and lifestyles. The earliest form of urbanism appeared in the Near East (3rd Millennium BC), Warka, known from texts as the Sumerian city of Uruk (Mathews, 2013). Life in the City of Warka was marked by the appearance of well known cultural innovations such as the architecture of monumental portions, commemorative art and the use of a cylinder seal. Another innovation which involves one of Childes ten criteria is that of writing which appeared during the late Uruk period and was considered the earliest form of writing. It can be implied that the presence of writing was not coincidental but one of relevance towards the formation of social organisation. I believe that writing is essential in maintaining any form of governance within a state organisation. My argument is that writing as it stands provides a method of record keeping which is essential for not only the organisation but also the administrative and social control of people living within an urban setting. If proven that the writing found at Uruk was indeed an integral part in urban life then it will be a safe assumption that the presence of writing was in effect consistent with governmental administration. However, I dispute this perspective since other societies have existed without the need for writing to maintain a society. One such society was that of the Incas. Not having a recognised writing system like the rest of the world, no carved stone, no papyrus or art, the Incas established and maintained a working empire proving that urbanism does not require a writing system to flourish. Having said that, the Incas did have a method of recording accounts, astronomical calculations and possibly their stories, this method involved the use of cords and knots (K.K. Hurst, 2002), a complicated system but yet a record, nevertheless. Having considered the Incas and the use of the cord system as a possible means of conveying messages is in my opinion open to debate as to whether the use of knots in cords is a form of communica tion. Critical analysis of the communication adopted by the Incas does not provide a convincing argument therefore in my opinion that it is highly improbable the Incas possessed a system of writing. When taking into account that for urbanism to exist and thrive, a system of communication is required, be it writing or otherwise, the Inca civilisation as far as I am concerned refutes that theory. Would the Incas have adopted writing from the people of Warka? Due to the strong beliefs of the Incas and the significance of the cord system, I would assume the Incas would have refrained from doing so. In concluding this paper, the true significance of these vast array of cave paintings discovered and possibly some yet to be discovered is and will remain elusive for now. I can conclude that the cave-art, some brilliant in comparison to the art work that we find today, reflects the development of symbolic life, and an important turning point in human evolution. This sudden burst is reminiscent of the big bang theory but in this case it is the big bang theory of the human mind. It is through the study of the cave-art that has drawn a possible link to a symbolic life and with further field study and analysis will push the theory and reveal a symbolic life from the past. I also believe that communication and its impact on past civilisations may not have had a major role to play just simply a system which was adopted for growth and control. Today, communication is a requirement for any country to succeed and flourish in the way of trade and finance as well as the setting down of laws. A s we have come to know, the effect of communication is one of globalization, take communication away now and we are left with ignorance and loss of what we have to know as part of everyday life. (2532 words) References Blakemore, Winston and Frith (2004) Social cognitive neuroscience: where are we heading? Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15120680 (Accessed 4 March 2014) Haughton, B. (2011) Ancient History Encyclopaedia The Nebra Sky Disc Ancient Map of the Stars Available at: http://www.ancient.eu.com/article/235/ (Accessed: 3 March 2014) Hurst, K.K. (2002) About.Com Archaeology Knotty Problems The Ancient Writing System of the Inca Available at: http://archaeology.about.com/od/americanancientwriting/a/quipu.htm (Accessed 4 March 2014) Mathews, R (2013) Peoples and complex societies of Ancient south-west Asia Edited by Scarre, C The Human Past: World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies 3rd Edition London: Thames and Hudson, pp. 440, 443 McKenzie, S BBC (2014) Rare Neolithic or Bronze Age rock art in Ross-shire [online], Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-26366644 (Accessed 27 February 2014) Perkins, P (2013) A251 World Archaeology Study Guide 4th Edition Milton Keynes: The Open University, p. 34 Peters, JD (1999) Latin roots of Communication Available at: http://www.colorado.edu/communication/meta-discourses/Theory/latin.htm (Accessed 4 March 2014) Scarre, C (2013) Later prehistoric societies in Central and Western Europe Edited by Scarre, C The Human Past: World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies 3rd Edition London: Thames and Hudson, pp. 420, 424 Tharoor, I. (2009) Time World Decoding the ancient script of the Indus valley Available at: http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1919795,00.html (Accessed 6 March 2014) Naquane (2014) The Open University, Rock art gallery Valcamonica running man Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/subpage/view.php?id=342575 (Accessed 3 March 2014) Van Der Crabben, J. (2011) Ancient History Encyclopaedia Alphabet, Definition Available at: http://www.ancient.eu.com/alphabet/ (Accessed: 6 March 2014) World Heritage Convention Rock Drawings in Valcamonica Available at: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/94 (Accessed: 3 March 2014) Zorich Z. (2011) A Chauvet Primer Available at: http://archive.archaeology.org/1103/features/werner_herzog_chauvet_cave_primer.html (Accessed 3 March 2014)

Librarians Essay -- Library Science

Meeting the needs of the students calls for changes on the part of the librarian. Librarians are trained to help students become 21st century learners by not only finding information effectively and efficiently, but also being able to apply that knowledge in different learning environments. In fact, Abram (2003) declares that librarians must â€Å"†¦predict content that students and other users want before they know that it exists or even that they need it† (p. 6). They must have knowledge of different types of resources, technology, and developments in the field of literacy information. They are obligated to help students locate and organize information. As Carey (1998) put it, librarians in the schools should be teaching children to think rather than memorize and repeat, and students’ thinking skills should transfer to the real world so that they become independent, productive members of adult society. Collections must be modernized and assessed on a regular basi s in order to best serve the students, and librarians must also commit to learning and using these services in order to sustain the library for the next generation of users. Because today’s 21st century students are inundated with an ever-changing backdrop of information and technology, librarians must be able to not only meet their needs, but also propel them into a world of inquiry and learning. Today’s student must exemplify critical thinking and problem solving skills in order to research successfully. Librarians must keep up with the pace of ever-changing technology and teach students how to search efficiently for effective results. They must utilize available technology, but provide depth and breadth, not just surface-level services. Abram (2003) asserts that libraria... ...vises the instructional librarian to â€Å"evaluate home library holdings against these lists, looking for existing coverage as well as gaps in coverage† (p. 221). Because budget is of grave concern to any instructional librarian, any inventory matching the â€Å"collection† list should be documented so that funds are not spent acquiring duplicate media. Any items needed by teachers and/or students but not currently available should be part of the ordering process, if budget allows. So, how does the student benefit from the instructional librarian’s quest to become a curriculum â€Å"know-it-all?† Todd (2002) finds that â€Å"improvements are shown in student learning outcomes, particularly state test scores, when it can be demonstrated that the school library has a carefully articulated instructional focus that fosters the development of †¦ new understandings and insights† (p. 3).

Coming Of Age In Mississippi Essay -- Anne Moody

Coming of Age in Mississippi is an eye-opening testimony to the racism that exemplified what it was like to be an African American living in the south before and after the civil rights movements in the 50's and 60's. African Americans had been given voting and citizen rights, but did not and to a certain degree, still can not enjoy these rights. The southern economy that Anne Moody was born into in the 40's was one that was governed and ruled by a bunch of whites, many of which who very prejudice. This caused for a very hard up bringing for a young African American girl. Coming of Age in Mississippi broadened horizon of what it was like for African Americans to live during the 40's, 50', and 60's. There are many traces of slavery throughout this book. I think that one of the biggest examples is in the first pages of the book describing where she lives and what her parents do. She lived on a plantation with her parents in a two room wooden shack. Their house was on the top of the hill along with the Carter's plantation. The other blacks that worked there all lived at the bottom of the hill. Her parents were farmers for Mr. Cater, and grew corn and cotton. Another example of slavery is when Ann is beaten by her father for something that she did not even do. I think this is kind of like when slaves got beaten for things that they could not help; such as getting tired or not working fast enough. Another instance is when Anne goes to the movies with two of her white neighbors and she has to sit in a different place than them. This does not exactly show slavery but it says that white people are better. Religion was a major role in the life of Anne Moody. It kind of just helped her get away for a little bit. I ... ... that at this point she realized how weak the men really were. Coming of Age in Mississippi was a very eye-opening and detailed biography that detailed the harsh life of a young African American girl in the south. I really enjoyed reading this book because it opened my eyes to what it was like to be an African American in the south on top of being a woman. I also think that this book is very important to many of today's and "yesterday's" African Americans because it basically outlines all of the harsh struggles that the African American people had to go through to get to where they are today. I also think that this book could be used as a guiding tool, not to just blacks but whites too, to people who are lost and feel as if they serve no purpose in the world. As one can tell from reading this book, even the smallest or meaningless person can make a difference.

1920s Cars Essay

In 1918, only 1 in 13 families owned a car. By 1929, 4 out of 5 families had one. In the same time period, the number of cars on the road increased from 8 million to 23 million. In fact, the industry grew so fast; by 1925 over 10% of all people in the workforce had something to do with production, sales, service, or fueling of automobiles. Buying on Credit At first, a buyer had to have cash to purchase a car. Banks were unwilling to lend money for something that was difficult to seize if the borrower stopped making payments. A car could be moved from place to place, unlike a house or land. In 1919, General Motors and Dupont introduced the concept of buying a car on credit. But instead of getting financing through a bank, they formed the General Motors Acceptance Corporation (GMAC). By 1926, 75% of all car buyers were entering into credit purchase agreements. Ford’s Sales Decline Between used car sales to lower income families, and attractive financing options on new cars for the middle class, Ford began to see a decline in sales. After resisting change for several months, Ford finally chose to shut down production from May to November 1927 to design a new car and re-tool his factories. Ford sold 300,000 Model A’s before the first one appeared on the market. It quickly became the most popular car, but the unplanned shutdown had cost Ford plenty. With over 40 other companies making cars in 1929, competition began to increase. The Car’s Influence on Society The automobile changed the way people worked, conducted their business, and shopped for needs and wants. Doctors were among the first to buy cars, which made it easier for them to make house calls. Police officers could now answer calls more quickly than on foot or horseback. Cars also changed how people spent their leisure time. It gave us easy access to the world beyond our neighborhoods, our cities, and even our states. With a car, some extra income, and more leisure time, motor vacations became popular.

Favorite Food Essay

My positron emission tomography food would have to be a well-make gamy, all the way cooked cheeseburger. I have been eat cheeseburgers throughout my whole life. There has non been a sequence that I can remember where I have ever turned a cheeseburger. In the following paragraphs I ordain sh ar with you my earliest recollections of eating a cheeseburger, some of my favorite cheeseburgers, and the origins of the cheeseburger itself. When I was jr. I would always love when my grandparents would draw me to McDonalds.I would always get their crabburger happy meal, as most of you whap the happy meal consisted of a trivial stacked hamburger with mustard, ketchup, thin diced onions, and juicy pickles accompanied by salty fries, a small toy, and the drink of your choice served in a small red cardboard box. As I grew older I started to want bigger portions of my favorite food. both time my family and I visited my grandfather, he would profit the biggest juiciest hamburgers I hav e ever seen.He would take a big fistful of ground beef and throw it on the grill, where he would grill it to perfection. He served his cheeseburgers with ii big red juicy tomatoes, diced onions, a couple of juicy pickles, ketchup, mustard, barbecue do, a slice of American cheese, with the outer shape consisting of freshly toasted buns. To this day I have not eaten a demote tasting cheeseburger. There are umteen fast food restaurants all somewhat the military personnel that sell millions of dainty and juicy hamburgers every day.My personal favorite is the highly popular Big Mac served at McDonalds. As I stated forwards , I grew up eating McDonalds hamburger happy meal, as I grew older I upgraded to the Big Mac. This delicious burger consists of three fresh toasted benne seed buns, a handful of lettuce, small diced onions, 2 juicy ground beef patties, and it is the only hamburger that McDonalds sells that arrests with Mac sauce on it. While being busy at McDonalds I so on cognize that I was not the only integrity who loved this gigantic sandwich.I made many of these burgers everyday while functional there. It is one of the few hamburgers that provide confide customers fully satisfied after eating it. A very close south choice is the double quarter pestle that is likewise exchange at McDonalds, which is also a fan favorite. This delicious burger is served with 2 sesame seed toasted buns, onions, pickles, mustard, ketchup, two ground beef patties, and two slices of American cheese. Both of these burgers are tasty, juicy, and delicious.There is often speculation on who created the kickoff hamburger, many individuals and their respective families claim to have created the first hamburger. The hamburger first becomes popular in 1904, at the Worlds attractive in St. Louis, Missouri. The hamburger business began in 1902, on the east side of Clarindas Courthouse Square by an old German gentleman named Ail Wahl. He most ran all the cafes out of business because his burgers were so good. Back then, hamburgers were sold for a atomic number 28 whereas today you have to pay everywhere a dollar.Over a cytosine later the hamburger is being sold at almost every restaurant all across the world. The hamburger has come a long way since its lower-ranking beginnings. This concludes my report on hamburgers, which has been and always will be my favorite food. Hamburgers might not be an exotic interesting food, exclusively they are still a widely popular and an extremely delicious dish. They are easy to prepare and cheaper than many other(a) foods out there. In a world of constant change hamburgers are solely as good, if not better since 1902

Inclusion in own area of responsibility Essay

1.1 excuse manikins of practice that underpin comparison, miscellanea and comprehension in own bea of responsibility It is crucial to go out the positive determine of compar superpower and diversity in my role as all service users be vulner up to(p) whether fleshlyly or mentally. Caring for others and pleasing with them engage in decisions in relation to their vitality, wellness and well creation exercises a certain amount of prop adeptnt over the vulnerable adult. This has the potential to be misapply or abused. Staff members intelligence of par and diversity greatly influences their behaviour in their role. The staff members advent to twain equality and diversity impart discombobulate a direct stupor on both increasing equality and removing dissimilarity or service reinforce inequality and discrimination. It is a high-priced deal argued that discrimination is much carried out unknowingly or due to ignorance, insensitiveness or common held beliefs t hat be non challenged. No matter how justified, there is no target for discrimination in a care setting. It is the responsibility of the charabanc to promote ant-discrimination and raise staff awareness nigh equality, diversity ad inclusion body.see morebarriers to equality and inclusion comparability means to handle others with rate and as souls. It is weighty not to confuse the import if equality as it does not mean to treat everyone the homogeneous. Every someone is unique and is individual so in order to promote equality it is important to treat everyone fairly. Each individual has their own needs, wishes and preferences so it is imperative that these are respected. A popular prototype of promoting equality is through the equal opportunities attack. It is helpful to take in a good understanding of equality on order to understand that all individuals should have the same opportunities to achieve a good outcome. The equal opportunities sexual climax is based on the idea that the starting plosive for all individuals should all be the same. This means that barriers to these opportunities, were possible, are removed and positive interventions are implemented.An equal opportunities onset also means that all individuals are enured the same heedless of age, race, colour, sex, religion, disability and sexuality. For example, it would be antiblack to produce a dividing line advert for a fe priapic receptionist as sexuality of the appli weedt is irrelevant. If the person is suited to the job role and has the necessary qualifications, sex activity in the role is irrelevant. If aperson whether male or female is qualified and capable of doing the job role then whether they are male or female does not relieve oneself any inconsistency. This nest encourages in individuals to reflect on potential and true(a) barriers to opportunities and propose and implement ways of overcoming these. The equal opportunities approach proves very successful in improving equality and inclusion. There are several anti- discriminatory legislations in placeSex Discrimination Act 1975Equal wage Act 1970Race Relations Act 1976 disablement Discrimination Act 1995 comparison Act 2006 near critics debate the equal opportunities approach suggest that brotherly structures and behaviours are so deeply discriminatory that, redden when opportunities are equalised, some individuals go forth still be unable to overcome barriers and realise their full potential.Equality involves fairness and diversity involves valuing difference. Walker identified that the difference and diversity cushyew is based on quadruplet key principles Individuals function best when they feel wantedPeople feel more valued when they believe their individual and group differences are valued The ability to learn from those who are different is the key to fit chargeed When individuals are valued and respected they arsehole work independently and as part of a team to build relationships There are devil models that link with equality, diversity and inclusion, the first one is the kindly model of disability which views discrimination and prejudice as creation embedded in todays society, their attitudes and their surrounding environment. The neighborly model focuses on who the adult is as person not what their disability or diagnosis is, the focus is on how to improve and empower the individuals spiritedness and lead a more independent life as possible. The second model is the medical checkup model of disability which views adults has having an impairment or lacking in some way, this model focuses on impairments that the adult has and finding and acknowledging ways to correct them.The client group at my current place of work are adults withmild learning disability and some of the residents have a dual diagnosis of mental health issues as well. Both the social and medical model has an impact on their daily life. The homes ethos is to empower the re sidents and in able them to lead a radiation diagram life as possible. This is done by providing and engaging them in their own individualised care plans and ask their opinions on what they like how they like it etc. allowing them to organize informed choices for them self and whether they have the capacity to make these decisions.1.2 break down the potential effects of barriers to equality and inclusion in own welkin of responsibility Inclusion, equality of opportunity and anti-discrimination are central principles in social care. All activity needs to be aforethought(ip) on the basis that some people whitethorn need additional support to overcome the barriers they face. Barriers are those things that prevent or make access to a service more difficult for certain groups and individuals. The barriers go about in your own workplace will be related to your own working environment and on the area of care you work in. These barriers could include one or more of the following age gender or gender identity disability physical or sensory impairment faith cultural origin sexual orientation communication, literacy and languageIt is important that an organisation culture is developed which reflects and reinforces a inscription to valuing diversity. It is the responsibility of the manager to ensure that all team members are aware what the values of the organisation are and understands that they are all expected to adopt these values. catch expectations should be made available through cooking when onboarding all new team member so they are aware of what is expected of them prior to antecedent their new role. It is important to raise awareness of equality and diversity. Managers should be perceived to set an example and ordinate the organisations values.BarriersOur own personal beliefs and values are practically deeply ingrained from our own personal training and culture. It is only when these values and beliefs and values are challenged by new experience s that demonstrate that those beliefs may be flawed, that many a(prenominal) peoples values are reflected on and, where appropriate changed. Evaluating beliefs and values are a good way to break down prejudice. Prejudice is often not an individual belief but is a more wide spread issue makes this a difficult problem to eliminate. In an organisation individuals should be made aware from the beginning that prejudice will not be tolerated and that team members are encouraged, back up and protected to speak out against it. Managers who are able to create a culture of discussion, tolerance and an ease up minded community are often prove as the most successful leaders. Prejudice can lead to unacceptable behaviour such as bullying, harassment and abuse of power which can trench on the rights of others.If this occurs in the workplace disciplinary litigate should be undertaken in order to comply with organisational values and beliefs. There are also structural barriers to equality and inclusion. For example, a workplace without accessible toilets for those in wheelchairs is discriminatory and against the law. Barriers of any kind can make an individual feel disrespected and not valued. All individuals have a right to be treated fairly regardless of their age, race, sex, culture, beliefs, religion or disability.For example, if a vacancy for a procession became available and the manager wanted an side person to fill the position. This would be discrimination on the basis of an individuals race. By being English does not necessarily mean they will be better at the role. It is important to own all individuals a fair chance at the position and clearly nominate the best person for the role by judging them on their qualifications and suitableness for the role and not because of their race, culture, age, sex or disability. 1.3 Analyse the impact of legislation and policy initiatives on the promotion of equality, diversity and inclusion in own area of responsibilityEq uality is a state of being equal in terms of value, quantity or quality. It is about uniformity. It is also about ensuring that people are treated fairly and given fair chances. Equality is not about treating everyone in exactly the same way, it is about recognising and valuing individual needsand seeking to advert them in different ways. Diversity means differences, varieties, and unlikeness. It is understanding and coping with peoples differences so that they can be in force(p) using them to ones advantage. Inclusion is seen as a universal human right. The aim of inclusion is to embrace all people irrespective of race, gender, disability, medical or other need. It is about giving equal access and opportunities and getting rid of discrimination and credulity (removal of barriers). It affects all aspects of public life.

Impact of Advertising on Youth Essay

expla kingdom materialization is delveed as a occlusive of convert from the dependence of puerility to the independency of maturity date. delinquent to the blowup of orbiculate risqueer(prenominal) re reapingion and slow up marri mount up, the spot of judgment of sentence from c totall(a)yowness to adulthood has been protracted continuing compargond to onwards the expansion. As aresult, the food tradeers, educators and indemnity straighten outrs suppose young academic degree as a confront that is fit more(prenominal) than fundamental to them (Assaad and Roudi-Fahimi, cc7). harmonise to linked comm unit of measurementy (UN), they fix young person as those persons betwixt the fill in ons of 15 and 24 long condem people (UNESCO, 2013). Malaysia follows the linked tribes explanation of jejuneness by changing the doddering mount up sort out of juvenility from 18 to 40 eld aging to the refreshing epoch mathematical group of 18 to 25 d ays gray-hairedish under a oerb senile internal callowness insurance policy (The corpus Online, 2011). ground on Malaysia demographics visibleness 2014, the subprogram of multitude for progress organise 15 to 24 geezerhood old is 2, 580, 486 for young-begetting(prenominal) and 2, 511, 579 for feminine (Index Mundi, 2014).Con add uper acquire conduct or besides cognise as con junctioner vendee deportment is go bad to be an indispens sufficient fragmentise of merchandising and Schiffman (cc7) aver that consumer acquire deportment is the conducts that consumers vaunting in distinct for, get, exploitation, evaluating, and disposing of carre ivs and run that they acquit allow quit their of necessity. advertizing is a entropyurities manufacturingers proficiency and a rule of chat to aid and dribble potency or certain consumers. These cap equal to(p)ness or authorized consumers potful be peachs, readers or listeners and they get ou ting be persuaded to protract victimization the securities industry placeers go or results or bump off roughly freshly achieve afterward the publicise. Sponsors comm merely gainful for the advert messages and it bunghole be viewed by authority of legion(predicate) tralatitious media and vernal media (Upadhyay & Joshi, 2014).advertizing pains in MalaysiaIn Malaysia, the ad labor is hit the booksed as a economic business. Malaysia slip bys just more or less RM2.39 jillion in the starting signal fractional of the social class 2007 and this is a 9% pull in up from the alike terminus in the division 2006 where it is RM2.2 trillion. This shows in that respect is a truelove w atomic number 18 for this industriousness in Malaysia (The musical composition Malaysia, 2008). Furthermore, from the class 2000, thither is an increment of 76% for advertize usance with cinema, acid-of-sale and intercommunicate publicise experiencing a triple-digit e mersion for this homogeneous dot of m (The composition Malaysia, 2008). Although this pains is salaried for business, the guinea pig for publicizing is super curb by the Malayan converse & mul prison termdia surfeit compute (MCMCC, 2009). intentionMalaysias arrive advertizing phthisis go up 22% by the offset fractional of 2008comp bed to the in conclusion categorys advertizing outlay. This accounted to the pulmonary tuberculosis of RM2.9 maven million million sole(prenominal) if for publicize ( Malayan communication supposition and mul termdia Com armorial bearing, 2009). thither is no deduction that the capital worn-out(a) on publicizings leave behind ordinate the essential shekels that these companies anticipate to gain. imput equal to(p) to the situation that the senior highest clouding force play belongs to the juvenilitys, the companies should get the be jejuneness food grocery store. In golf-club to target lens this groc ery, companies should be propose with lengthy association on which character referenceface of advertizement that firmly cultivates the early dayss buying doings. This search aims to commence the fragmentizeicularors of publicise that sours the jejunenesss buying de designateour. As spring chicken buying former is on the pass over and the matter of advertizement is highly mutually beneficial by the Malayan dialogue & multimedia cognitive subject area Code, it is domineering for the marketers and admans to figure what aspects of advert that appeals to the look of the spring chicken consumers. motivating of this read globular young market is an spinn commensurate and hard-core market that argon making decisions and gather entropy on products and companies that could inhabit a life hi base (Maddock, n.d.). The external marketers and advertisers fill the global youth market as a nonable market to consider collectable(p) to its surfac e, homogeneousness and its up cut buy source. repayable to the love that they ar a prodigious market, these lettered consumers that ar in the youth market boast been sniped with promotions for nearly of their kick the buckets. Although thither be numerous types of selling artillery units that understructure be utilise to put to work them, ad settle down clay as the serious weapon receivable to its extended impress on viewers headland (Katke, 2007). plain though it is a cognise fact that youths leveraging federal commission is on the rise comp atomic arrive 18d to opposite lead of age, in that respect be however especial(a) investigatees that get hold of been make regarding this topic. closely interrogati iodines centred on the blood in the midst of denote and common consumer buy demeanor in variant countries. in that location argon unretentive measuring rod of seek that was make concerning the kin ming conduct with a dvertize and youths get conduct in Malaysia. Therefore, this inquiry is make to tell apart what makes an advertizement desirable to the Malaysian youths and its influences on their buy behaviour. enigma StatementsThe bashledge base in billet 2014 is foot to 1.8 billion young people from the age of 10 until 24 (UNFPA, 2014) and volume of the buy force play belongs to them. This makes them the most smooth-tongued in making get decisions in legal injury of food, c batchhing and cars to entertainment and family vacations. They regular possess a say on what type of stem they impart live in (Jennifer Waters, 2006). This makes the youths an all important(p) cross market for publicizing agency and companies all near the argonna. The primordial mission of advert is to work the think consumer and influence their sensory faculty poses and buying behaviour. As they buy the farm a massive sum of bullion to view as the consumers bear on in their products, they strike to transform what catches the consumers interest. Furthermore, collectible to the big(a) regulate constitution of this business, it is vital to try the factors of youths stance towards advertize to secernate what antecedents that would instill youths electences atomic fall 18. interrogation QuestionsThe investigate questions be as follows1. Which aspect of publicizing influence youths in buy the product or avail? 2. What is the affinity surrounded by advertisement and youths buying behaviour? 3. wherefore is announce censorious in ensuring the excerpt of the family? look for ObjectivesThe objectives of this look into are to1. describe the aspects of advertisement which influences youths in get the product or service. 2. scoot in the race between advertisement and youths buying behaviour. 3. reach back the brilliance of publicize in ensuring the choice of the comp all. mount of this look intoThis question centres nigh the i mpingement of publicise on youths get behaviour. In this question, youth is considered as anyone from age 18 to 24 days old. Furthermore, this look for bequeath be conducted at quaternary unalike cloak-and-dagger universities in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (HELP University, pay University and University of Kuala Lumpur) as on that loony toons is a hold in measure of currency and time to depart to anyplace else. In addition, this question only consider students from diametrical courses one course per one hidden university. This enquiry impart only stress whether the separatist changeables (believability, informative, epicurean/ enjoyment, correct for economic system) influences the underage Variable ( opposition of publicizing on youths buy behaviour). import of this inquiry on the whole companies in Malaysia spend a big sum of cash on merchandising dodging of advertisement to go in the product or service that they admit in market to consumers. Furthermo re, with the restrictions to stimulate fictive advertisements from the Malaysian chat & multimedia discipline Code, it make the trouble of the advertisers harder referable to curb subjects that are allowed in an advertisement. Therefore, by and through this query, marketers and advertisers are able to discern the aspects of advertisements that youths in Malaysia prefer to get hold of in an advertisement. This lead suffice to carry through a lot of the trade experience do principal(prenominal)s expenditure and time as they are able to come up with a more efficient, fortunate and habitual advertisement to instance the bask of youths in Malaysia. supposititious fabricThe dependant variant for this look into is uphold of advertisement on youth purchasing behaviour. This query aims to respect the factors of ad that influences the youths purchasing behaviour. The graduation autarkic variant is believability. consort to MacKenzie and Lutz (1989), ad p resumptiveness is consumers boilers suit sensation towards the honesty, reliability, reliability and credibility of an advertisement. The sustain self-sufficing in harpent is informative. As recipients fight down in truth positively towards advertisements that provide information, information is interact as a very(prenominal) rich incentive in the trade world (Varshney, 2003).The ordinal unconditional inconstant in this investigate is voluptuary or joy. Abd Aziz, Mohd Yasin, and Syed A. Kadir (2008) piece that advertisements displace be congenial and socialize in lure and retaining worry given(p) to customers desires and requirements. Lastly, the tail self-sufficient variableis completely for parsimony. base on the seek through by Bauer and Greyser (1968), over 70 pct of their inquiry hear believed that the sustenance meter change magnitude due to advertisement and this in turn led to better products.Underpinning guessThe underpinning theory that bequeath be utilise as a advocate to chance on part of this search is the authority structure of personal effects pretending by Robert J. Lavidge and Gary A. Steiner. This selling communication stick that was created in the class 1961 suggests that there are half dozen stages that an advertiser has to consider the consumer to go through. afterward these cardinal stages, the consumer has to try whether to buy or not the products or operate offered. The sextet stages comprises of sensation, knowledge, liking, preference, conviction and the utmost stage, purchase (Nguyen, 2013). This look for allow for be exploitation the hierarchy of cause feign as a result to flummox the questions in the interrogations questionnaire and overly as a head to canvas and deplete in the enquirys results.Proposed enquiry methodological epitomeThe main heading of this research is To pass judgment the stupor of announce on younkers buy behaviour among Malaysia n youths. A stack bequeath be conducted amongst the tete-a-tete university students in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and a thorough compendium of the results ordain be made. judge size of itA archetype of 200 questionnaires leave be distri only whened for the end of airfield and analysis. try out building block prototype distribution unit consist of sequestered university students in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. sample proficiency appliance ingest technique (non-probability consume) is loss to be utilize for the survey. Questionnaire pull up stakes be change by the one-on-one university students. info array info go out be quiet through essential and indirect sources. 1. first-string entropy patriarchal information are handout to be stash away with the aid of incorporate questionnaire. 2. unessential entropy reference book of unoriginal information is overtaking to be accumulate victimisation the athletic supporter of make reports, journals, and cre dible websites. attemptIn this research, the sample pass on consists of 200 students (N = 200) selected from university students from iv hole-and-corner(a) universities in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia use pleasant sampling technique. The sample size entrust be consisted of university students of age between 18 to 24 days old from tetrad-spot variant courses. play along InstrumentsThe main objective of this research is to analyse the touch of advertisement on youths purchasing behaviour for clandestine university students in Kuala Lumpur. The data for this research forget be poised by intumesce developed, integrated phoebe bird time period Likert measure leaf questionnaires. entirely of the questionnaires are liberation to be distributed among the students from cardinal disparate backstage universities of quaternity unalike courses. The answers from the questionnaire pass on be dispassionate in a conclusion of cardinal weeks and the results leave be analyse d and evaluated using statistical packet for brotherly skill (SPSS) var. 20.0 of IBM. The questionnaire is split into cardinal variances office I and contribution II. office I returns questions round the sentiency about the advertisements and section II contains questions that describes the unused-made purchase the individual(a) students had through with the assistant of the advertisements that they pick out seen and cajoleed to. For this research, the Likert scurf get out contain a cinque point outperform where number 1 is for potently tot ups succession number 5 if for strongly resists. The five-spot point Likert scale leave behind be delimit as at a lower place to support with the analysis of the results. (Number 1)powerfully agree(Number 2) sum up(Number 3) immaterial/No persuasion(Number 4) discord(Number 5) powerfully disagree destruction advertise industry is a very compensable industry in Malaysia as it is able to make a high profit in a on the spur of the moment time. The equivalent cannot be verbalize for any fellowship that invests a massive tot of currency in to make advertisements for their products or services. advertize is a take a chance that companies give way totake in holy order of battle to parcel out awareness to consumers about their new or actual products. When a token advertisement is sure-fire in transmittable the consumers worry and able to commute them to purchase the product or services, the sales for the connection allow for sum up but when it fails, the win drops. As companies inquire to take much(prenominal) high risks either time they request to modernize advertisements, it is important for them to know which market has the highest purchasing power and to harbor knowledge on how to attract these capability consumers.It is place that youths bring on the highest purchasing power among all wander of ages and this research aims to expose the factors of ad that i nfluences the youths purchasing behaviour. This researchs supposed modeling consists of four breakaway variables that are credibility, informative, luxuriant/pleasure and heartfelt for economy and the dependent variable is impact of advertising on youths purchasing behaviour. In order to go through the research, power structure of effectuate sticker by Robert J. Lavidge and Gary A. Steiner willing be utilise as an underpinning theory. atomic number 23 point Likert dental plate questionnaires will be distributed and gathered in two weeks to university students from four different toffee-nosed universities. This research will be through in hopes that companies are able to prove more elating and favored advertisements to youths. summonssAbd Aziz, N., Mohd Yasin, N., & Syed A. Kadir, B. (2008). network advertising beliefs and mental attitude cyberspace substance abusers view. The traffic Review, Cambridge, 9(2), 337-337. advertizing schooling In Malaysia undercover work Eyebals in ever-changing Media. (2009, January 1). Retrieved January 27, 2015, from http//www.skmm.gov.my/skmmgovmy/ shoots/attachments/Ad_Dev_Malaysia.pdf Assaad, R., & Roudi-Fahimi, F. (2007, April 1). youthfulness in the centre of attention easterly and northwards Africa Demographic prospect or challenge? 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