To say the word Romanticism is to say modern art- that is intimacy Essay Example for Free

To say the word love story is to say modern art- that is intimacy EssayBlake and Wordsworth were both Romantic poets even their views of capital of the United Kingdom are opposed to each other. What are these conflicting visions of the same metropolis and how do they differ from one another?To say the word Romanticism is to say modern art- that is intimacy, spirituality, colour, aspiration towards the infinite, expressed by every means available to the arts. Charles BaudelaireRomantic poets were preoccupied with the idea of the pastoral idyll a rustic landscape where man was spiritually and physically at one with nature. These Pastoral fantasies typically invoked Pagan deities and ideology.Romanticism, according to Baudelaire is colourful and lively. Blake and Wordsworth are both Romantic poets unless their views of capital of the United Kingdom, as portrayed in their poems Westminster and capital of the United Kingdom, are very different. Wordsworths poem Westminster has a joyful, exultant tone towards London and the diction could be considered colourful and spiritual. However, Blakes poem London has a pessimistic tone, more typical of a Romantic poet.Blakes London shares a view which is expected from a Romantic as the Romantics did not fatality industrialisation of Great Britain to occur. The negative effects of the Industrial Revolution were especially prominent in London, so this miserable, urban landscape is anathematic to Blake. Romantics wanted the countryside to remain un alludeed and bucolic. The gloomy diction in London shows this funereal tone. Cry of fear, mark of weakness, marks of woe, hapless Sol lose itrs sigh and blights with plagues the Marriage hearse are all examples of the diction utilize to build a sense of vulnerability and repulsiveness in London.The perspective that Blake uses also shows that he is projecting his own Romantic feelings onto London. He uses the first person, I repeatedly throughout the poem and also opens wit h it. For example, I wander, I meet and I hear. This illustrates that his view of London is subjective. The poem is also written in the save tense and this gives the sense of living the experience with the narrator. Thus the poem seems more immediate and intimate.The imagery used in Blakes poem is also depressing and thither are umpteen examples of aural, tactile and visual imagery. The marks in every face he meets are examples of visual imagery. He uses terminology such as marks and every repeatedly and this stresses the ubiquity of misery and moral decrepitude in the metropolis. Examples of the aural imagery that Blake uses are cry of every man, cry of fear and the mind-forgd manacles I hear. These aural images convey the negative effects and emotions that can be found within the people of London. The tactile image of the mind-forgd manacles is also particularly interest as it is an example of figurative language rather than literal. It is a metaphor for the restrictions or co nstraints that are office staffd on people, every by societys expectations and demands or possibly by themselves. It appears that Blake suggests that people in London are manacled by their own moral weakness.During the Victorian period, men who paid prostitutes were disgraced, not only for the moral reasons of committing a sin, but for the fact that they may keep back contracted a venereal disease such as gonorrhoea or syphilis. The marks which Blake relates to, such as the marks of woe may be moral weaknesses that men would have been ashamed to be associated with, for example when paying a prostitute for sexual pleasure. However, these marks may also have been literal scars from diseases they had caught.In the pull round stanza, Blake uses the word midnight. This has dark connotations to it and gives the sense of an evil atmosphere. Blake also adds to this wicked atmosphere in the terminations, How the new-fashioned Harlots curse/B snuff its the new-born Infants tear as he us es diction such as Harlot, curse and Infants tear. These defines also inform the contributor about the harlot and her baby. The curse which Blake relates to could be infecting of the harlots baby with gonorrhoea. This is shown as her baby has a tear in her eye and probably has a problem with it, a symptom of gonorrhoea. In the last line, Blake writes And blights with plagues the sum hearse.This line suggests that the metropolis is married to death as it uses the oxymoron marriage hearse. This is a conflation of two opposed ideas since a hearse is associated with a funeral because it carries a coffin. Blake may be implying that the city is married to death, or is doomed since the majority of babes in the city are possibly associated with venereal disease. This is shown as he uses the word most when discussing the most rough-cut thing that he sees in the streets of London. However, these lines could be considered ambiguous since Blake may be telling us of what he hears in the str eets, for example, a Harlot cursing, or gadfly at her baby when it cries.London is divided into four stanzas of four lines each and has an alternate rhyme scheme. The rhythm is rather constrained and this gives the impression that the poet is narrating the story as he wanders thro London, this further emphasises the intimacy. In each stanza there is one main idea which develops the overall motion that London is a corrupt, morally decrepit city.In the first stanza, the idea of London being a charterd city is explored. Blake says that the streets and the River Thames in London are charterd. It could be interpreted that he believes the city has been hired and brought up by commerce and through money.In the second stanza, Blake attempts to show the unhappiness in the city and the depressing effect it has on people by using the word cry repeatedly whilst in the third stanza he writes about how the institutions are corrupted such as the palace. This is shown in the lines The hapless sol diers sigh/Runs in blood down Palace walls. One possible interpretation of the word palace is that it is a metonymy for the government. Blake may be stating that the hapless soldiers have been sent to die while trying to gain personnel for the British Empire. These lines are also a tidy fusion of light and sound and contain examples of both aural and visual imagery, for example hapless soldiers sigh and runs in blood down palace walls.In the third stanza, Blake implies that the church is becoming corrupted or is blackning, either literally by the pollution that the city is creating or figuratively as it stands by and watches the innocent youths being exploited, such as the chimney sweepers, and the abuse of soldiers. However, the line Every blackning church appals could be considered ambiguous, since the phrase Church appals suggests that it is disgusted by the corrupted institutions, such as the Palace but does not have the power to take much action against them or simply does no t want to irritate the palace.Therefore, Blake most the likely wants the palace to hear his concerns that he is voicing, which he believes many other people in London share. This idea is reinforced by the fact that in this stanza, if the first letter of every word, on every line is taken, the word HEAR can be made, this also highlights the aural imagery used in this stanza. The word appals may also echo the largest symbol of ghostlike power in London, St Pauls Cathedral and this suggests that Blake is questioning why the church has not spoken out against the government.Unlike the third, the fourth stanza is focused on the future of London. This is because the infant described has a future and eventually the infants in London will become adults who will have to take part in the daily caterpillar track of the city.However, unlike Blake and other Romantics, Wordsworths Westminster has a impressly optimistic tone for a poem written by Romantic. This joyful tone is shown in the dicti on and imagery he uses. Such as, beauty of the morning, sun more beautifully and calm so deep are all examples of the lauding diction that Wordsworth uses. His exultant view towards the city is also shown in the form in which his poem is constructed. The rhythm is an iambic pentameter and the first eight lines have a rhyme scheme which is ABBAABBA, an octet, then the last six lines have a different rhyme scheme which is CDCDDC, a sestet. This octet and sestet suggests his powerful feelings towards London as it is a sonnet, and sonnets are normally associated with love and desire. In the octet, Wordsworth tells us in detail what he sees and introduces his idea of London being so touching. However, in the sestet he develops this idea and attempts to meld Londons landscape with the beauty of the innate(p) world, Wordsworth also informs the reader about what he feels, rather than what he sees.The images that Wordsworth uses also show the rhapsodic tone of the poem as shown in the line a view so touching in its highness. The poet uses the word touching in order to convey the uncomplicated strength of his perception, touch being the most direct of the senses.In the opening three lines Wordsworth challenges any doubters that do not believe London looked so perfect at this time. This is shown in the argumentative punctuation he uses and he writes that Earth has not anything to show more fair/Dull would he be of soul who could pass by/A sight so touching in its majesty. In these lines, Wordsworth is praising the city and claiming that there is nothing more fair on earth than London on this particular day.He also criticises any soul or person who could ignore a sight so great in majesty and beauty. The fact that Wordsworth opens with these powerful lines of adoration sets the atmosphere in the poem and also shows the reader how beautiful the city looked. He uses the words majesty and soul since these have religious connotations connected with them. The word majesty c ould be associated with the King or Queen who was traditionally appointed by God, this makes the city seem almost purple or God-like. This diction and the tone of the poem, along with the examples of personification he uses, make it seem that Wordsworth is almost having an epiphany due to the spiritual intensity of the diction he uses. The words by and majesty are also particularly interesting as although there is not a strict aural rhyme, there is a sight rhyme which means that the rhyme scheme is not disrupted.Unlike Blake in London, Wordsworth uses personification to eulogize the city, this can be seen when he says that This city now doth, like a garment, wear/The beauty of the morning silent, bare. As Wordsworth uses the simile like a garment, this personifies the city. Wordsworth says that the city wears the beauty of the morning, it could be interpreted that the city and the morning channel so perfectly that they seem to be one with each other, but may also just be an exampl e of Wordsworth attempting to reunite the urban field of operation with nature. There is a similar example of this when Wordsworth is seeking to reconcile the urban sprawl with the bucolic scenes that a Romantic values above all else. This is why the city is described in natural terms and why Wordsworth sees the city merging seamlessly with the countryside beyond Ships, towers, domes, theatres, and temples lie/Open unto the fields and to the sky.Wordsworth also lists the ships, towers domes (and) theatres and this gives the impression of him aspect across a horizon. The word lie also gives the sense that the ships, towers domes (and) theatres rest grandly, but gently on the horizon as though they are blanketed in their own majesty. Unlike Blake, this is an example of Wordsworth studying and appreciating the city and its physical features, rather than the people who live in it. Wordsworth has an objective view of the city as he is literally elevated on a bridge, while Blake has a m ore detailed perspective which does not allow him to realize the true beauty of the of London, since he is walking through the streets. Blake seems to be immersed in this anathematic landscape, the emotional problems of the people in the city and the government who live there.Another image that Blake uses acts on our sense of smell. He describes the air as being smokeless and this destroys the idea of London being a polluted city covered by smog, which was caused by the many factories. It is surprising for a Romantic to write this as the Romantics were a reaction to the industrial revolution and one would expect that a Romantic would not speak extremely of an industrialised city, such as London. However, this leads the reader to believe the poem was written in the early morning, when the sun was rising since the very houses (seemed) asleep and the factories had not all the same opened.Wordsworth also uses other examples of personification and one of these is shown when he says Nev er did sun more beautifully steep/In his first splendour, valley, rock, or hill. The poet personifies the sun by relating to it with the word his. The personification that Wordsworth uses is an example of figurative, not literal language. Wordsworth also leads the reader to believe that he has neer seen such a perfect sunrise and that it is lucifer to or more than a sunrise in a rural landscape.Another example of Wordsworth personifying something in nature by referring to it as his is when he tells the reader that The River glideth at his own sweet will. This not only personifies the river but it deifies it adding evidence to the poets pagan sensibility. This is because many Romanticists were connected with paganism as they believed in the worship of natural Gods, for example the Gods of Sun and Water. This line also makes the river seem as though it flows freely, peacefully and without being forced, Wordsworth further emphasises this serene atmosphere when he says neer saw I, nev er felt, a calm so deep This gives the impression that the city is a peaceful place.Wordsworth also uses other techniques to praise London apart from personification. On the last line, the poet uses a metaphor to describe London. He says And all that mighty heart is lying still The mighty heart is a metonymy for London and he describes the city as being still, this further leads the reader to believe that this is set in the early morning when even the very houses seem asleep. This adds further evidence that London was calm and tranquil at this particular moment.Although it seems unusual for a Romantic to write such an optimistic poem about London, the specific time, date and place Composed Upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802 is a message to the reader that the poet remains a Romantic yet could not help but succumb to this particularly powerful vision of beauty. By creating such a precise title, Wordsworth attempts to explain that any Romantic would have felt the same way and therefore, it is not meant to be upset(prenominal) he attempts to explain that this experience was an anomaly. Although it seems that Blake only saw a certain, lower class part of London where soliciting and disease thrived alongside especially harsh running(a) conditions for children, Blakes poem, London is typical of a Romantic poet who was opposed to the Industrial Revolution and therefore, this justifies the reason for him writing such a negative poem, since the Romantics were preoccupied with the idea of a bucolic landscape.

Concepts in Creative Accounting

Concepts in fanciful AccountingCreative Accounting is usually depicted as a sme bed subject and hence considered as an adverse deed. It is quite common that as and when the words Creative Accounting be indicated, the thinking that surfaces in ones head is that of function, dishonesty and fraud. It is bargon that if at all any error appears when resorting to Creative Accounting it is not because that the tool is faulty, but the user is to be blamed. Progressively more than companies have avoided disasters by adopting Creative Accounting and there are also numerous instances of companies which could wriggle out of adversities by using it. If creative write up adheres to ethical and legal standards as well as the chiefly acceptedInternational Journal of accounting system principles (GAAP), they mess produce enormousprofits to the business and its shareholders or help strive through tough and challenging periods. Furthermore, attempting to only illegalise it is impr motivateic al and narrows the fruit of the accounting profession with such restrictions. Alternatively, educating controllers on ethical behavior and promoting professionalism could be a better solution.In 2008, Hooper, Davey, Liyanarachchi, Prescott has defined Creative accounting as a method whereby accountants use their understanding of accounting rules to manipulate the figures verbalize in the financial statement of a business. Basically it deals with mixed matters of conclusions and perseverance of conflicts between perplexing approaches to the presentation of the consequences of financial dealings and transactions.In 2008, Hooper et al. opined that on a wider perspective creative accounting rouse be considered as worthy provided an accountant puts this tool in use with a judgement based on sturdy moral and ethical footing to objectively impersonate the performance of a company. Nevertheless, creative accounting can also be construed as an evil accounting exercise, as there are neg ative zones that provide literally creative accounting. A pertinent instance for this is the common act of submitting a well looking report to the shareholders without violating the boundaries of the letter of the law (Hooper et al., 2008). The leave out of rigidity within the criteria and law compromises probabilities for manipulation and distortion activities that may be considered unethical by most of humanity.In 1995, Breton and Taffler stated that it is a badly working class for individual shareholders to distinguish the facts and the results of accounting manipulation because of lack of personal expertise, unresponsiveness or a reluctance to undertake a meticulous scrutiny. This botch on the stakeholders part is not a serious issue as far as the commercialize proficiency is concerned. While concluding their research, Breton and Taffler opined that though there is for sure a scarcity of creative accounting strategies in the perspective analysts, the number of accounting professionals required is relatively low for the grocery as a building block appropriately to process window dressed numbers. However, in 1999, Healy and Wahlen backed with reports stated that creative accounting prior to equity issues does have an impact on share prices, vividly establishing that the potential investors do not necessarily take interest in creative accounting.The major areas where creative accounting can cultivate vital contributions are governing elasticity, lack of rules, an opportunity for managerial judgment in respect of expectations about the future, the scheduling of some dealings, the use of simulated businesses and ultimately the reclassification and presentation of financial results.Accounting regulations normally allows policy options valuation of asset is a good instance for it. International Accounting Standards offer a pick between carrying non current assets at either depreciated historical or cost revalued amounts. It is up to the Business enti ties to change their accounting policies depending on the situation on ground. Schipper stated in 1989 that any change in policy is comparatively noticeable in the year in which it is adapted but in the following age such changes may not be easily distinguishable.There are several areas which are not amply covered by proper regulations. star good example for this is relating to accounting regulations for various stock options. No clear cut mandatory guidelines are set as yet in this area. regular in some of the developed countries such as Spain accounting regulations in some areas are extremely scant. The crediting process and the size of the pension liabilities and certain norms for accounting financial instruments can be stated as some of the examples.There is opportunity for managerial judgement for appraisal in discretionary areas. In 1988, Mc Nichols and Wilson took bad debts provision as an example and examined the discretionary and non-discretionary elements in it.In ball club to render a good look to the accounts, the Management can square off upon the timing of even genuine transactions. For instance, if a company has do an investment at historic cost which can be vended for a higher price, be the current value. It is the prerogative of the managers of the business to opt as to which year they sell off the investment so as to show an increased profit in the financial statements.Artificial business transactions may be incorporated to manipulate balance sheet amounts and to hobble profits between different accounting periods. This can be accomplished with the tacit connivance of a third party such as banks, which is imparting to enter into two or more correlated deals. A vivid example for this can be found in an agreement for selling an asset to a bank and then betroth the said asset for the rest of its life span. The sale value under such a sale and leaseback agreement can be inclined supra or below the present value of the asset as the varian ce can be remunerated for by reduced or increased rentals.These are poorly researched in the literature. In 2001, Gramlich et al. suggested that companies may manipulate balance sheets to reclassify liabilities so as to report a more rosy liquidity and leverage ratios. The presentation of financial numbers provides a distinct style of creative accounting that is based on cognitive reference points. In the year 2000, Niskanen and Keloharju draw that the idea behind this behaviour is that humans may perceive a profit of, say, 301 jillion as abnormally larger than a profit of 298 million. There were many opposite studies such as one undertaken by van Caneghem in 2002 have clearly showed that some trivial fiddling of figures does turn over in order to achieve some noteworthy landmarks.In 2002 Naser and Pendlebury questioned senior business auditors about their involvement of creative accounting. According to them a substantial equalizer of all types of companies use creative accoun ting procedures to certain magnitude. Several research studies scrutinized a specific aspect or practice of creative accounting. The entire studies af sozzled that creative accounting using a precise technique. In 1976 Barnea et al. explained classificatory smoothing with the deployment of extraordinary items and their results, founded on a study of 62 US companies, indicate that classificatory smoothing does happen.A large number of accounting appraisals and estimates are allowed by IFRSs. Thefeature of accounting estimates is that the amount considered for a preciseelement reflected on the financial statements is not an exact figure. Mulford and Comiskey (200264, 26) is of the glance that the areas of tractability within the IFRSs could indicate the areas of creative accounting. According to Baralexis (2004440) since the IFRSs is an essential condition for creative accounting, there are two types of creative accounting the legitimate and the illegitimate. It is very hard to di fferentiatebetween creative accounting and the realistic application of business judgement.When all the aspects discussed above is taken into consideration, the very question automatically raised would be as to wherefore flexibility is allowedwithin the IFRSs in the first place if the menace of manipulation of financialinformation is apparent. Healy and Wahlen (1999366) opined that the financial statements are the best evidence for the knowledge of a manager about his company. They go on stated that accounting standards should allow managers to make judgements and thereby conveying the necessary data to the users of financial reports which could possiblyenhance the worth of accounting.Mr. Arthur Levit, the former chairman of Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) defends the practice of flexibility in accounting standards with the following observationFlexibility in accounting allows it to keep pace with business innovations. (Levitt 199816).McBarnet and Whelan (199939) noted th at in the UK, where the use of IFRSs is extensively prevalent toprepare financial statements, the emphasis is on principles rather than on rules.They maintain that doctrines are considered as the only means to seize the intricacy ofaccounting.THE EFFECT OF ESTIMATES IN FINANCIAL STATEMENTS BY ELIZABETH JOHANNA RAUBENHEIMERCreative accounting is of great assistance to sustain or increase theshare value by maintaining debt level to lower risk and bypresenting enhance profits in the financial statements. Due to the high share price, the company will be able to amass new capital easily and will be of immense help during takeover efforts. There are some authors who is of the view that delaying tactics resorted by management in publishing the financial figures to the market with an ulterior motive to extract some benefits from the delay can be described as creative accounting. However, if the managements objective is not to appall the interest of the investors, such actions cannot be ter med as fraudulent.Use or Abuse of Creative Accounting Techniques Normally, businesses choose to portray a stable trend of crop in profit instead of displaying explosive profits with a chain of intense increases and drops. It can be achieved by setting unreasonably high pabulum for liabilities against assets in bright years to enable a reduction in these provisions thereby improving the profits in bad years. The supporters of this tactic is of the view that it is a measure against the short-termism of adjudging an asset on the basis of the profits earned in the immediate ensuing years. This approach also shuns high anticipations during bright periods so that the management is not embarrassed when the performance is not that good as expected in the following years. It is contended against this backdrop that if the business environment of a firm is indeed explosive or impulsive then the stakeholders have every right to be aware of this fact so that income smoothing may obscure abide fluctuations in the profit movement.In 1991, Revsine contemplated the issue and opined that both managers and investors are benefited from loose accounting standards that allow managers with autonomy in scheduling the reporting of income. He went on to add that accounting as a system has the principal duty to constantly checking the agreements between managers and other agencies such as financial institutions, monitor the market mechanisms to ensure that they are operating effectively, be alert so that the accounting manipulation potentials can be detected in time and reflected accordingly in the pricing and contract decisions. The works on the morals of prejudice in accounting policy choice is appraised at the macro level of the accounting watchdog. Correspondingly, these literatures can be applied to the prejudice in accounting policy options at the micro level of the administration of businesses that is inherent in creative accounting.It is very enkindle to analyse the two cont rasting stands propounded by Ruland and Revsine. A close scrutiny of the opinion of Ruland reveals that he makes an obvious differentiation between the deontological and teleological views. According to him, deontological views are moral rules which apply to actual actions and the teleological views are that any action should be adjudged on the basis of the moral substance of the results. Revsine appears to be more indulgent towards teleological perspective of accounting in the private sector so that the managers have the liberty to opt the alternatives provided in loose standards to attain their preferred goal. However, when he talks about deontological view of accounting in the public sector he advocates more stringent criterions to avert such manipulation. Obviously, we tend to question whether the humans or non-existence of market restraints and controls excuses such moral contradiction. Ruland further explained the difference between a positive obligation to present an unbias ed accounts and a negative responsibility where managers are duty bound to explain the states of af gracefuls they fail to avert. We can conclude that Ruland accords precedence to the positives whereas in Revsines scheme of things, all results are reckoned to be conjugate with the manner of contracting and price-setting and the difference is not recognized. The duty to refrain would involve eluding the prejudices intrinsic in creative accounting while the duty to act would encompass following the magnitudes to be accomplished by creative accounting.In 1995, Leung and Cooper conducted a survey of 1500 accountants in Australia and ceremonious three ethical problems confront most frequently were conflict of interest, clients insistence to manipulate accounts and clients eagerness to evade tax. However, two surveys undertaken in USA on attitudes to creative accounting both highlighted a variance in accountants attitudes to creative accounting contingent on whether it results from mis use of accounting regulations or from the manipulation of business dealings. Further researches by Fischer and Rosenzweig in 1995 discover that MBA and accounting students were more cynical than accounting professionals of manipulated transactions. On the other hand, accounting practitioners were severely criticizing the abuse of accounting rules than the students. Similarly, Merchant and Rockness in 1994 through their extensive studies established that accountants were relentlessly criticizing when presented with various scenarios of creative accounting. They also pointed out that the accountants lashed out at abuse of accounting rules and they were less critical about manipulation of transactions.An attempt was made by Fischer and Rosenzweig to propose two probable reasons for accountants attitudes. First and foremost, accountants may resort to a rule-based approach to ethics instead of its impact on the users of the accounts. Secondly, accountants consider manipulation of accoun ting rules is their prerogative and within their purview and as such call for an ethical judgement, while the manipulation of business transactions falling under the stadium of management and hence the same ethical scanner is not applied. Merchant and Rockness also stated that a variance in accountants attitudes towards creative accounting is greatly influenced by the impetus of management. It has been noticed that creative accounting founded on blatant self-centered motives invite greater censure than the impetus for promoting the interest of the company. Anyone, be it an accountant or a manager, who dares to adopt a position against creative accounting would certainly face a lot of pressure as any other whistleblower or dissenter. There were some extreme instances where loss of reputation was the result for failing to act.Apparently, accounting professionals and managers are required to exercise a fair amount of discretion and judgment on a regular basis and as such it is imperat ive for them to have a thorough knowledge of ethical sensitivity relating to various creative accounting practices. There could be extensive pressure put on managers and accountants to involve themselves in creative accounting. In order to satisfy the shareholders and to impress the stock market, companies susceptibility compel accountants and managers to twist the quarterly financial reports to appear them attractive. Even the accountants and managers may have concern that the management might evaluate their performance without according much weightage to the precision of the financial statements prepared by them but as to how far the statements are in favour of the management. Therefore, the practicing accountants are required to possess adequate knowledge, good discretion and judgement, sound moral values and courage to face and withstand the pressure from the management side. Hence, if the curriculum for accountants and managers can instill ethical sensitivity to creative accou nting, it could perhaps assist in reducing their penchant to involve in these malpractices.Attitudes of Students and Accounting Practitioners Concerning the Ethical Acceptability of dough ManagementTo conclude, the evidence suggests that creative accounting is a very effective tool. However, if it is not used wisely or falls in the possession of the falsely people, it will have negative impact rather than contributing value addition. If creative accounting adheres to ethical and legal standards as well as the generally acceptedInternational Journal of accounting principles (GAAP), they can produce enormousprofits to the business and its shareholders or help strive through tough and challenging periods. Furthermore, attempting to completely illegalise it is impractical and narrows the growth of the accounting profession with such restrictions. On the other hand, if accountants are educated on the importance of ethical behavior and professionalism is promoted, this could help solve the problem.

Health Promotion Among Retirees

Health Promotion Among RetireesThe purpose of this report is to investigate the general state of liveliness after employment for the erstwhile(a) person. The main focus of the report is on preparation for privacy for the older person as well as the specific services that are available to older good deal such as lifelong learning, education and leisure.INTRODUCTIONAs little as 10 years ago if you asked a 25 year old if they take a leak a plan for solitude they would probably respond with no, retirement is for old passel Im only 25. The reality is that we should be planning for retirement from the first day we start work. With Irelands increasing strength in the workforce and our impending numbers of population retiring within the next 30 years it has become a national standard to introduce schemes for sight to plan their retirement. In the past quite a little who never even thought of retirement until the year it was upon them pee had very negative effects. In order to e xpose the blow from being active workers with a routine, a purpose, personal connections and a strong sense of self-worth trying to fall into the category of a permanent spend seems great at first but as time passes by the holiday flavouring ends and the empty useless feeling sets in. This in turn leads to many personal problems such as, financial, social, and physical and health. (Businessworld.ie, 2015), (ncaop.ie,2014), (cso.ie,2014).In the past carers predominantly come in contact with retirees who are no longer working as they seduce either retired due to ill health or have retired unprepared and unable to psychologically cope with the situation and have failed in some stylus to care for themselves. To this end the carers role is to work as part of a multi-disciplinary team including family members of the retiree to assist them with their activities of daily living in their al-Qaida or in a care home setting. Carers of mountain in their home have found that they have become a major birth in more ways than one guiding clients through various options in order to appease depression such as information on joining groups for retired people to organising their will. Carers are now able to support and promote a more positive attitude to retirement with the helper of organisations such as The Pensions Authority, Active Retirement Ireland, Citizens Information and the Retirement Planning Council and Age Action Ireland to name but a few. Irish people can now be completely prepared for retirement from the day they start work. These organisations have opened a whole new world of opportunities for retired people giving them access to bountiful amounts of information that will service their needs such as Age Action Ireland who will meet individuals and groups who wish to conduct their education through the lifelong Learning Programme in Colleges and Universities and the local Active Retirement Groups who hold regular meetings for members so they can s ocially interact and support each opposite through various activities which include sporting activities, outings, foreign travel and educational courses and interaction programmes which are run in conjunction with local youth groups and schools. These organisations have helped to remove the age old stigma attached to retirement and converted it to be now seen as life experienced people helping future(a) generations which in turn allows young people to be mentored by retirees and they generally no longer see them as old removing the age barrier. (ncaop.ie,2014),The Health operate Executive provides many supports for older people such as Primary Care, Social Workers and Home Care. Other non-governmental bodies overly provide health promotion for older people ie, local leisure centres, G.A.A, ICA, Macra Na Feirme and Charity and Voluntary bodies. The Primary Care team provide many services for older people from health screening to occupational therapy and chiropody both in a clien ts home and at local health care centres. Older people are further by family members, carers and medical staff to attend the centres as they not only provide basic healthcare facilities and counselling but also a point of support and encouragement for those who may be fearful of seeking further medical attention or may not tell apart that they need assistance with their activities of daily living.There are also many therapeutic interventions such as cognitive behaviour therapy which has proven to help alleviate depression and anxiety in older people which in turn enables retirees to better cope with their current situation. Pre-retirement courses are also an excellent way for people to be prepared for their retirement through their courses people have all the necessary available tools and information to retire with very little stress and have connections made with groups and associations that can enhance their quality of life after employment. (Beck and Beck, 2011)The change in the make-up of the Irish population has had an immense impact on our views of retirement and how older adults are treated. Various other cultures hold their elders in the highest regard and are rewarded for a lifetime of work their families take over caring for them and they continue their retirement in comfort knowing that all their needs are completely taken care of. It is the influence of cultures such as these that Ireland has now began to aline its views towards retirement and older adults enabling people to have a more positive feeling towards retirement rather than fear of loneliness and desperation. (Aranda and Knight, 1997)Some people retire before the national age for retirement of 65 not only due to illness but because they may feel they are financially stable enough to give up work or reduce their hours of work through a phased retirement scheme with their current employer. These people unbosom want to be active members of their family and community and as such famil ies should be encouraged to help them with their decisions and help to keep them from becoming depressed through allowing them to help with their lives ie child-minding, arranging family outings and holidays, giving advice to them on financial and other dilemmas this will help to keep a retirees sense of self worth which will counteract illness and depression. For people who have retired as they are over the age limit families can help support them in their new lives, visiting them often, back up them to join groups and associations and if they are not able to travel to the group meetings or outings etc, organise travel for them ensuring they are able to attend the meetings etc. If they are a member of an association, families should attend any shows or activities that they are involved in and express an interest in what they are doing. Younger family members should also be encouraged to accompany them on outings and also help them with chores around the house and do odd jobs f or them. This helps with feelings of depression and loneliness as older adults will chat extraneous to younger people telling them stories and advising them on various aspects of their lives.CONCLUSIONBefore starting this assignment I did not consider that I will be retiring one day and did not realise the effects it can have on my life both psychologically and physically. Through the course of my look I have found that many people who have not been prepared for retirement have a lower mortality rate that people who have a fully operational retirement plan. I am going to make sure I am fully prepared for retirement and during my interviews with members of the various local groups around Mountmellick and Portlaoise I have a good understanding of the groups I would like to join and currently become active in with.There is a wide variety of information available to people who wish to prepare for retirement and who are currently retired and I now feel as a carer I will be able to hel p my clients with their needs and have a good understanding of the processes involved in post-employment life to be able to support them with their needs and wishes.BIBLIOGRAPHYhttp//www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/psychotherapy.aspxhttp//www.irishtraining.ie/general/preparing_for_your_retirement.htmlhttp//www.ncaop.ie/publications/research/reports/94_AFS_Conf_Procs.pdfhttp//gerontologist.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/342.shorthttp//www.thehealthwell.info/node/10467?source=relatedblockcontent=resourcemember=416catalogue=nonecollection=nonetokens_complete=truehttp//www.laois.ie/YourCouncil/Publications/CommunityampEnterprise/FileDownload,1877,en.pdfhttp//www.ncaop.ie/publications/research/reports/67_OP_Prefs_Emp_Ret.pdfhttp//www.ageandopportunity.ie/https//books.google.ie/books?id=RdmZAgAAQBAJpg=PA31lpg=PA31dq=care+of+the+confused+client+assignmentsource=blots=i_PM5i6OxWsig=uHvkwWPwpJgfTXCQmJuwuul10Zwhl=ensa=Xei=ubOiVPC9JvGt7Abi84CQDwved=0CDIQ6AEwBDgKv=onepageq=care of the co nfused client assignmentf=falsehttp//gerontologist.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/342.full.pdfhttp//www.annalsoflongtermcare.com/article/4786http//consultgerirn.org/topics/ethnogeriatrics_and_cultural_competence_for_nursing_practice/want_to_know_morehttp//www.adultmeducation.com/socialandeconomicfactors_4.htmlhttp//www.activeirl.ie/http//www.hse.ieREFERENCESBOOKSBeck, J. and Beck, J. (2011). Cognitive behavior therapy. radical York Guilford Press.EBOOK/PDFHealthcare.uiowa.edu, (2015). 1st ed. ebook Available at http//www.healthcare.uiowa.edu/icmh/evidence/documents/EBPOlderAdults.pdf Accessed 4 Jan. 2015.NCAOP.IE, (2015). 1st ed. ebook Available at http//www.ncaop.ie/publications/research/reports/94_AFS_Conf_Procs.pdf Accessed 4 Jan. 2015.JOURNAL ARTICLESAranda, M. and Knight, B. (1997). The Influence of Ethnicity and Culture on the caregiver Stress and Coping Process A Sociocultural Review and Analysis. The Gerontologist, 37(3), pp.342-354.WEBSITESCurrentpsychiatry.com, (2015). online Available at http//www.currentpsychiatry.com/home/article/how-to-adapt-cognitive-behavioral-therapy-for-older-adults/99ca3dc03cddedc62b20b672dcc4e56c.html Accessed 4 Jan. 2015.The Pensions Board, (2015). Welcome to the Pensions Authority. online Available at http//www.pensionsauthority.ie/en/ Accessed 4 Jan. 2015.Rpc.ie, (2015). Retirement Planning Council of Ireland Why Plan. online Available at http//www.rpc.ie/why-plan/ Accessed 4 Jan. 2015.FETAC Level 5 Healthcare Support 5M4339 Page 1 of 10Sabrina Delaney

Debate on Lowering the Voting Age to 16

Debate on Lowering the Voting Age to 16IntroductionA. Being an American has many keen benefits because we have many rights as an individual like privacy, a strong constitution and a centralized government with balanced powers. As the people of the United States we have the right to ballot to express our beliefs and to hear our voice. According to free dictionary.com voting is defined as a formal expression of preference for a candidate for office or for a proposed resolution of an issue. We face with many issues e really day politically and It allows the men and women to get rid of bad governments and makes sure that any government listens to its people. in that location is a proposition going on and time wanting to change the insurance on voting develop qualifications. There ar many discussions near this because people say thither to young should not balloting because they havent fully matured or some argue that they should because voting represents a voice.Three arguments for the policyB. The truth is that many 16 category olds would love to have the right to vote because it represents the responsibility and shows that you are mature enough to politically vote, express your opinions and shows how thoughtful this is and what a difference it can make. some teenagers are of course immature, but this is one of the ways we can improve the young people by engaging them into politics. At this age many young adults are just as capable of forming opinions.C. Many argue that 16 year olds should be able to vote because at that age they can start driving. Driving is a big part of todays society because you must be responsible enough to make decisions whether to cook the light by being at risked for a ticket, the responsibility to watch stunned for any pedestrians, driving safely especially when you have passengers. This is a very big responsibility to anyone and if a 16 year old is able to drive then maybe they can be able to vote too.D. Alex Koroknay Pali cz quoted that at that age most teenagers can work, pay taxes, drive and be charged as adults for crimes even be sentenced to death- executive director of the National Youth Rights Association. militant argue this issues a lot because if you work you are contributing the right of being a citizen and if an issues comes along that affects workers well this will have a great affect the 16 and 17 year olds because they wont be politically involved by expressing there opinion or demands.Three arguments against the policyE. This advanced proposition is manly on the young adults, but many argue that they are just too young. Many of these 16 and 17 year olds are still in high school day and at that age is the age rebellion, trying to be cool by fitting in by smoking, doing drugs and ditching school. some teenagers go trough that even I did when I was in high school. Many of these teens havent fully matured and are worried of many other things. Many of them still live at home with their parents being dependent on them by providing food, shelter, decision making. They have adult bodies, but many still play as if there were children by rebelling authority. The difference between 18 year olds and 16 is the fact is that once graduating you become more aware your responsibilities. Most 18s year olds go to college and it is a big difference from high school they start driving to work and school and pay for there college. Some move out and develop more responsibilities. I dont think that there are going to be a lot of sixteen and seventeen year olds out there that are willing and concerned enough to take the time and energy to register to vote.F. The young adolescents are also not politically involved or even informed. Statistically the percentages of 16 year olds have limited knowledge of the candidates and issues. A lot of them can pass there classes with a D and that letter grade is a very poor grade. If this is true than why should we let 16 year olds to vote when th ey dont understand how our system works.G. Others argue about this refreshing proposition government do things that affect every age group, but that does not mean everyone deserves the vote. Alastair Endersby stated Should 12 year olds get the vote because school policies affect them? Should toddlers get the vote because health services affect them? No we trust parents to cast votes after thinking about the interests of their families. Also, it can be a bit dangerous to the adolescents to vote because they can vote for the wrong reasons for example a certain celebrity is agreening for office just because they liked how that person is on a movie they would get the vote like how Arnold Swartzenager got to be governor and he sucked because he has no experience whats so ever on politics.Three constitutional principlesH. This proposition has its pros and cons which can have a great affect on many young people and our political votes. This issue reflects rear end in history when we a mended the 15th amendment which was the right for African Americans to vote, but it was only African American MEN. The 15 amendment stated right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous take aim of servitude. This actually reflects on todays society because now we have a black president for the first time and this wouldnt of happened if we didnt amended it.I. Women are strong political birdsong people and for long time the women were fighting to have the right to vote. The 19th amendment was a great victory for women that granted the right to vote for women, but it took 50 years after the 15th amendment was passed. The amendment stated prohibits each of the states and the federal government from denying any citizen the right to vote because of that citizens sex. In the 2009 election we had Hilary Clinton the first woman to run for president in the united states because on th e amendment in 1920 she was able to run for president representing all the strong women in the U.S.J. Amendment 26 was the standardized the voting age to 18 by the United States Constitution. This was in 1971 that this gave many 18 year olds the right to politically vote and have a voice. This age is an appropriate age to vote because they have fully matured and also developed political discussions and responsibilities.Work CitedEdwards, George. Government in America. New York Pearson Longman,Endersby , Alastair . Voting Age Lowering. IDea.com. 09/11/2009 .Voting. The Free Dictionary. 09/10/2009 .Weiser, Carl . Should voting age fall to 16?. The Enquirer. 09/11/2009 .

Jean-Louis David and Jean-Jacques Rousseau Essay -- History Art Artwor

Jean-Louis David + Jean-Jacques RousseauQuestion In what ways and to what extent is an understanding of historical context important in approaching the works of (a) David and (b) Rousseau? The Lictors Returning to Brutus the Bodies of his Sons, is a painting by the french artist Jean-Louis David in 1789. Having led the fight which overthrew the monarchy and established the Roman Republic. Brutus tragically saw his sons participate in a darn to restore the monarchy. As a judge, he was called upon to render the verdict, and without hesitation condemned his two sons to death. The full title of this work is Brutus Returning Home after having Sentenced his Sons for Plotting a Tarquinian yield and Conspiring against Roman Freedom the Lictors brint there Bodies to be Buried. In 1789, for Jean-Louis David to bring up such a subject was majorly controversial and reveals how deeply committed the artist was to the brand-new sentiments and enlightement principals. Indeed, had the revolutio n not occured, this picture could never have been exhibited publicly. After the fall of the bastille, Davids pictures were seen as a republican manifesto, and greatly raised Davids reputation In regulate to fully understand Davids artwork, it is important to posess a certain amount of historical knowledge on the various events that took place during the artists career, mainly the French Revolution. Behind severally of his paintings is a story of historical importance. However, it is also very standardisedly that Davids paintings were often misinterpreted simply due to the fact that some wiz didnt fully grasp the significance of the artwork. like The Lictors Returning to Brutus the Bodies of his Sons, as recorded by the Roman historian Livy, Davids paintings covered many different historical eras. The Death of Marat, 1793, is more simplistic and intense. David was in officious sympathy with the Revolution, his majestic historical paintings, (The Oath of Horatii, Death of Socrate s, and Brutuss sons) were hailed as artistic demands for political action. He orchestrated the great festival of the people on 14 July 1790, and designed uniforms, banners, triumphal arches, and inspirational props for the Jacobin clubs propaganda. David was president of the Jacobin club on the day that his good friend and fellow Jacobin, Jean-Paul Marat was killed by a young chevalier who... ...y as Jean-Louis David and his paintings. Both these influential people helped to ignite a passion amongst the French general public and change French politics. Looking at Rousseaus idea for establishment seems unacceptable or impossible to us, however, his idea, which was prominent in the revolution, that sovereignty resides with the people, that man is born free. Both Rousseau and democracy preserve the idea that government is legitimate only if it emerges from us. Jean-Louis Davids form of neoclassical paintings which are difficult to seperate from their political and social context, we re very different from the traditional paintings of the era. When looking at Davids artwork one must acknowledge how artistic concerns were bound up with broader social issues. Many of his paintings bear strong symbolic political references. In order to read, think like Rousseau or understand the true meaning behind Davids artwork one must possess, from a historical context, knowledge on the French Revolution, how different French society and culture was and information regarding each artists background, for example, who they were, and what they meant to the general public of that time.

John Locke :: Empiricists, Empiricism

In Chapter five Locke says, that the earth can be used by the people for their survival, protection, or anyway in which they could benefit from it. This is where I got a little confused. So then if everything on the earth belongs to every unrivalled then what is individual property? I pick up it over and over and Im not sure if I have the right answer but Ill try. Everyone owns there own body, and both the work they do they do with their body. When a person works with their body on something that thing becomes their own because they did the work. And he also says that there is some sort of limit that people cant take more than they can use. He uses acorns or other fruits as an example and says, But how far has he given it us? To enjoy. As much as any one can make use of to any advantage of life before it spoils, so much he may by his labour fix a property in whatever is beyond this, is more than his share, and belongs to others. (Locke 20-21) He later says that if somebody has to o many fruits he could trade them for money. I agree that everyone should use the earth to his or her advantage but not when it comes to endangering someone else or pickings away something that someone needs more than you do. I agree that if you work with fruit trees that it is your right to eat those apples and that you should only take as many as needed. But that isnt the case in society today. Lets face it people are greedy and greed is something that has destroyed the world we brisk in. If there wasnt any greed there wouldnt be any murder cases or any kidnappings or robberies, etc, the list can go on and on. Another example is college acceptance. All students work for the same hope, to get accepted to a good college and hopefully gain a job that willing best fulfill their needs. Say we have two identical students both scored a 1500 on their SATs and they where equally involved in their school. The only difference was that one student came from a wealthy family and the other st udents came from a not so wealthy family. They both applied to Princeton. The outcome is that the student from the wealthy family gets enrolled as a freshman in the fall, and the other student is placed on the waiting list.

I never finished anything :: essays research papers

I never finished anything in my life. To date, I have projects that I started and never finished. cipher in my life had ever struck a cord in my mind so fiercely I was compassionate teeming to drive myself to the bank of insanity to accomplish it. I guess I just want fulfillment, but I only feel a void big enough to fit in Crater Lake. I always wanted to play an instrument. In 7th grade I got a chance to. I started contend the Viola. I was instantly great at it. I practiced and practiced my heart out. I even achieved a superior on a alone I performed at a Solo and Ensemble competition. It started to bore me. Then I quit. Do I regret it? Yes, but I cant go back. Its just anformer(a) useless skill I have. In 6th grade, I wanted to be an actress. I studied frolic for 3 years in middle school. Many nights I stayed up practicing and racking my brain to the point of a headache trying to memorize spot after line. I was in a couple of plays, and even scored a superior in a Junior The spian Competition for Ensemble acting. I still have the pin I received. I also directed my 8th grade drama class play called Break. I havent performed since. Again in middle school, I took a dance class. I wanted to become a dancer very much. I learned ballet, hip-hop, jazz, and many another(prenominal) other types. I didnt have much skill in that area. I wasnt as near as talented as the other girls, and the occasional guy. I quit after a year. I dont have any regrets in that area, none what so ever.In 8th grade, I was going to participate in the school wide science fair, but that never happened. I had an interesting topic Do your fingerprints attest what hair color you have? I bought all the supplies, and had the backing of my science teacher Mr. Van Brunt. I never completed it. I wish I did.I took golf lessons about year ago. I didnt show much promise though, Paid 100$ for them too. Due to recent happenings, I grew into a deep depression at the time. Out of 8 weeks, I only compl eted 5 or 6. Now I prefer online golf, its not as frustrating.This year, I was on the color guard team the Titanettes.